Several waves of epizootics took place among the reindeer in the 19th century. As mentioned by Krupnik, there were also epizootics earlier since the development of large-scale reindeer herding among the European Nenets during the 18th century, but there is no documentation of them available. The Bolʹšezemelʹskaja Nenets lost considerable numbers of reindeer in the 1830s and 1840s epizootics, but also in the process in which the so-called Ižma Nenets developed a large-scale and more commercial type of reindeer herding. (Krupnik 1993: 154; 1976; Chomič 1966: 58–59)