Nimeke
Aihe
Kuvaus
CONTENTS
List of Tables
Acknowledgements
Sources of the Data
Notational Conventions
List of Abbreviations
INTRODUCTION
The Chakhar Mongols
§1. The Origin of the Chakhar
§2. The History of the Chakhar
§3. The Name of the Chakhar
§4. The Land of the Chakhar
The Chakhar Dialect
§5. General Remarks
§6. Dialectological Position
§7. History of Research
§8. Remarks on Phonology
§9. Remarks on Lexicology
§10. Syntactic Characteristics
§11. Parts of Speech
NOUNS
Nouns as a Part of Speech
§12. General Remarks
§13. Common and Proper Nouns
§14. Countable and Uncountable Nouns
§15. Temporal and Non-Temporal Nouns
The Category of Number
§16. Indefinite Number
§17. Plural Suffixes
§17.1. The Suffixes -uud2, -nuud2 and -(n)uus2
§17.2. The Suffix -duud2
§17.3. The Suffixes -cuud (-cuud) and -cuul (-cuul)
§17.4. The Suffix -nar2
§17.5. The Suffix -d
§17.6. The Suffix -s
§17.7. The Suffix -des
§18. Complex Plural Suffixes
§19. Plural Suffixes in Derivational Use
§20. Repetitive Forms in Plural Function
The Category of Generalization
§21. Functions of Generalization
§22. Constructions of Generalization
§22.1. Repetitive Generalization
§22.2. Lexical Generalization
Case Declension
§23. Case System
§24. Plain Stem and Nasal Stem
§25. Nominative
§26. Genitive
§27. Accusative
§28. Dative
§29. Ablative
§30. Instrumental
§31. Possessive
§32. Directive
§33. Attributive
Possessive and Reflexive Forms
§34. Possessive Forms
§34.1. The Marker =min
§34.2. The Marker =cin
§34.3. The Marker =n
§35. Reflexive Forms
Derivation of Nouns
§36. Formation of Denominal Nouns
§37. Formation of Deverbal Nouns
ADJECTIVES
Adjectives as a Part of Speech
§38. General Remarks
§39. Relative and Absolute Adjectives
§40. Pure and Adverbial Adjectives
§41. Attributive and Predicative Adjectives
Augmentatives and Moderatives
§42. General Remarks
§43. Augmentatives
§44. Moderatives
Derivation of Adjectives
§45. Formation of Denominal Adjectives
§46. Formation of Deverbal Adjectives
§47. Other Adjectival Derivatives
NUMERALS
Numerals as a Part of Speech
§48. General Remarks
§49. Cardinal Numerals
§50. Ordinal Numerals
§51. Approximative Numerals
§52. Distributive Numerals
§53. Collective Numerals
§54. Multiplicative Numerals
§55. Fractional Numerals
Delimitative and Maximative Forms
§56. General Remarks
§57. Delimitatives
§58. Maximatives
Measure Words
§59. General Remarks
§60. Primary Measure Words
§61. Secondary Measure Words
SPATIALS
Spatials as a Part of Speech
§62. Definition of Spatials
§63. Derivative Suffixes of Spatials
§64. Inflexional Markers of Spatials
§65. The Spatial Construction
Nominal Forms of Spatials
§66. Regular Case Forms
§67. Possessive and Reflexive Forms
§68. Moderative Forms
PRONOUN
Pronouns as a Part of Speech
§69. General Remarks
§70. Classification of Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
§71. General Remarks
§71.1. Pronouns for the First Person
§71.2. Pronouns for the Second Person
§71.3. Pronouns for the Third Person
§72. Possessive Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns
§73. General Remarks
§74. Reference to People and Things
§75. Reference to Characteristics
§76. Reference to Quantity
§77. Reference to Time
§78. Reference to Location and Direction
Interrogative Pronouns
§79. General Remarks
§80. Reference to People and Things
§81. Reference to Characteristics
§82. Reference to Quantity
§83. Reference to Time
§84. Reference to Location and Direction
Other Pronouns
§85. Reflexive Pronouns
§86. Collective Pronouns
§87. Selective Pronouns
§88. Indefinite Pronouns
VERBS
Verbs as a Part of Speech
§89. General Remarks
§90. Types of Verbal Morphology
The Category of Voice
§91. General Remarks
§92. Active Voice
§93. Passive Voice
§94. Causative Voice
§95. Reciprocal Voice
§96. Cooperative Voice
§97. Pluritative Voice
Participles
§98. General Remarks
§99. Futuritive Participle
§100. Perfective Participle
§101. Habitive Participle
§102. Imperfective Participle
§103. Potential Participle
§104. Necessitative Participle
§105. General Remarks
§106. Imperfective Converb
§107. Perfective Converb
§108. Modal Converb
§109. Conditional Converb
§110. Concessive Converb
§111. Terminative Converb
§112. Contemporal Converb
§113. Successive Converb
§114. Preconditional Converb
§115. Incidental Converb
§116. Consecutive Converb
§117. Final Converb
§118. Selective Converb
§119. Abtemporal Converb
Indicative Forms
§120. General Remarks
§121. Durative
§122. Terminative
§123. Resultative
§124. Confirmative
§125. Presumptive
Imperative Forms
§126. General Remarks
§127. Voluntative
§128. Plain Imperative
§129. Precautionary
§130. Prohibitive
§131. Permissive
§132. Concessive
§133. Desiderative
The Category of Aspect
§134. General Remarks
§135. Common Aspect
§136. Intensive Aspect
§137. Expective Aspect
§138. Frequentative Aspect
§139. Immediative Aspect
§140. Progressive Aspect
§141. Perfective Aspect
§142. Durative Aspect
§143. Repetitive Aspect
§144. Distributive Aspect
Classification of Verbs
§145. General Remarks
§146. Full Verbs
§147. Pronominal Verbs
§148. The Quotative Verb
§149. Auxiliary Verbs
§149.1. Existential Auxiliaries
§149.2. Other Auxiliaries
§150. Defective Verbs
Derivation of Verbs
§151. Formation of Denominal Verbs
§152. Formation of Deverbal Verbs
§153. Other Verbal Derivatives
OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH
Adverbs
§154. General Remarks
§155. Temporal Adverbs
§156. Modal Adverbs
§157. Gradational Adverbs
§158. Descriptive Adverbs
Imitatives
§159. General Remarks
§160. Imitatives for Action
§161. Imitatives for Sound
Modals
§162. General Remarks
§163. Estimative Modals
§164. Convictional Modals
§165. Resolutional Modals
§166. Affirmative Modals
§167. The Conclusive Modal
§168. The Delimitative Modal
§169. The Apprehensional Modal
§170. The Adversative Modal
§171. The Repetitive Modal
Postpositions
§172. General Remarks
§173. Comparative Postpositions
§174. Equative Postpositions
§175. Temporal Postpositions
§176. Spatial Postpositions
§177. Terminative Postpositions
§178. The Final Postposition
§179. Causal Postpositions
§180. Approximative Postpositions
§181. The Progressive Postposition
§182. The Relational Postposition
§183. Collective Postpositions
Particles
§184. General Remarks´
§185. Interrogative Particles
§186. Corrogative Particles
§187. The Copular Particl
§188. Negative Particles
§189. Prohibitive Particles
§190. Emphatic Particles
§191. Modal Particles
Conjunctions
§192. General Remarks
§193. Copulative Conjunctions
§194. Disjunctive Conjunctions
§195. Adversative Conjunctions
§196. Concessive Conjunctions
§197. Conditional Conjunctions
§198. Inclusive Conjunctions
§199. The Causal Conjunction
Interjections
§200. General Remarks
§201. Interjections for Expressing Feelings
§202. Interjections for Attracting Attention
§203. Interjections Directed at Children
§204. Interjections Directed at Animals
References
Grammatical Index