Ethnographiska, historiska och statistiska anmärkningar. 017
Title
Ethnographiska, historiska och statistiska anmärkningar. 017
Description
| Timanska tundran
(Тиманскiй берегъ)
är till större delen Timanskij bereg refers to the Timan tundra. It is a plain stretching from the River Pëša to Pečora Bay. (NAO-ES: 154, 256–257)
bevuxen med svag björkskog. Denna tundra börjar från floden Nes och sträcker sig till Petshora. Landet är lågt, tufvigt. Här finnes och berg, Ти- манскiй каменъ, som består af синiй каменъ. I bergsklyftor finnes slipsten. Från Nes till Petshora räknas omkr[ing]. 450 verst. Innevanarne på dna[denna] tundra, som vid sista revision utg[öres]. 450 själar mk.[människor], lifnära sig vår och sommar af fiske i sjöar och floder, haf här finnes i mgd[mängd]. De fånga sik,
Ru sig, TN палкурʹ ʻEuropean whitefish’ (Coregonus lavaretus).
gädda,
TN сяторэй ʻNorthern pike’ (Esox lucius).
пеледа,
голциа,
Ru pelyadʹ (also syrok), TN пайха ʻpeled’ (Coregonus peled).
кумжа.
Om hösten meta de navaga.Ru kumža ʻbrown trout’ (Salmon trutta).
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The Timan tundra (Timanskij bereg) consists for the most part of low birch forest. The area begins at the River Nes and extends to the River Petshora. The country is low, with hummocks, and there is also a mountain, Timanskij kamenʹ, which is formed of blue stone. In ravines, there are grindstones. From the Nes to the Petshora it is approximately 450 versts. The residents of the tundra, according to the last revision 450 souls, subsist in the spring and summer on catching fish in the lakes and rivers and the ocean, which are abundant here. They fish for whitefish, pike, peled, golica, and trout. In the autumn, they seine for navaga. |
| Om vintern fånga de fillfraser och räfvar, i ringa mängd. Pustoserska bönder
och
Mesenska borgare
leja dem att föra sina foro foror (särdeles fisk)Commercial hunting of sea mammals and fur-bearing animals and fishing were mainly a joint practice of the Nenets and the Russian Pomors in the 19th-century European Arctic. The communities that managed seasonal hunting and fishing practices (Ru edoma, TN нядʹʹма) were based on intraethnic family ties and long-term interethnic cooperation. The Nenets were usually hired by Russian merchants. Alternatively, there were also permanent, transgenerational commercial relations between the Nenets and Pomors, who would regularly buy Nenets hunting and fishing products. (Lepëchin 1805: 223; Schrenk 1848: 487-492; Krupnik 1993; Maslov 1934; Terleckij 1934; Lašuk 1958: 120–134 Lehtisalo 1956: XXXIX–LVII; 1959: 87–88)
till Jul-marknaden
i Mesen.The seasonal markets were central commercial, social, and entertainment events in the area and the Nenets visited them regularly in order to trade, pay the tribute, socialise, and go to church. Nenets visiting the Mezenʹ market were already mentioned in one of the earliest written sources concerning the Nenets, on April 15th 1545, “Order with no conviction, to Kanin ja Tiusk Samoyeds” (<>Žalovannaja nesudimaja gramota Kaninskim i Tiuskim Samoedam), where, to be precise, the market is said to take place in the village of Lampožnja, near Mezenʹ. The market was set to take place in early January at the end of the 18th century and it was called the Epiphany Market (Kreščenskaja jarmarka). Other important markets in the European Arctic took place in Pustozersk, Ustʹ-Cilʹma, and Ižma, and later also in Nesʹ. (Okladnikov 2009: 306–322; See also Castrén 2019: 463–464)
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In the winter, they hunt Arctic foxes and foxes in small numbers. The Pustozersk peasants and the Mezen merchants hire them to bring their loads (especially fish) to the Christmas market in Mezen. |
| Bolshesemelska tundran sträcker sig åter från Petshora omkr[ing]. 1000 verst till Ural. Landet är vid hafskusten lågt. Ini landet finnas höga berg,från hka[hvilka] löpa flere floder. bland dem äro mest anmärkningsvärda: 1) Коротаика, omkr[ing]. 700 verst fr[ån]. Pustosersk, der man om hösten fångar omuler (o-мылъ),
Ru omulʹ, TN явʹ халя ʻ Arctic cisco’ (Coregonus autumnalis).
2) Kara, som utgör gränsen emellan Mesenska kretsen och den Beresovska kretsen
i Sibirien. På dna[denna] sidan om floden finnes Bolshesemel ska Samojeder, på den andra
The town or fort (ostrog) of Berezov was founded in 1593 as a stronghold of Russian colonisation. From then on, it served as one of the most important points of governing in the West Siberian North. As the newly colonised territories of Siberia were geographically organised under administrative units called uezd at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, the Berezov uezd took care of the westernmost regions. It was also called okrug and komissarstvo. (Alekseev (ed.) 2010: 35, 42, 44.)
Karatsheja.
Desse sednare fiska om sommaren i särskilda floderoch sjöar, äflas äfven med hafsfång. Om vintern fånga ock räfvar, fil- frisar, skjuta äfven vargar med bössar och med bågar. Hermeliner och räfvar fångar man med fällor, klde[kallade] Мыкуломой, sätter till bete ren-talg. Bolshsem[elska]. Samojeder taga 2, 3-7 hustrur, efter råd och förmögenhet. Köpa sina hustrur och betala för dem 40-100 renar. De skiljas ock vid sina hustrun och hvardera parten gifter sig för andra gången.
If a man was able to take care of a bigger family, he might take another wife. See [Samojeden kan taga]
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The Bolshemelskaja tundra extends from the River Petshora for around 1000 versts to the Ural Mountains. The land is low on the sea coast. Inland there are high mountains, from which several rivers flow. The most notable among them are: 1) the Korotaika, around 700 versts from Pustozersk, where omuls (omylʹʹ) are caught in the autumn, and 2) the Kara, which forms the boundary between the Mezen uezd and the Berezov uezd in Siberia. On this side of the river, there are Bolshezemelskaja Samoyeds, on the other Karatshej [Samoyeds]. The latter fish in the summer in distinct rivers and lakes, and they also practise sea fishing. In winter, they hunt Arctic foxes and foxes and also shoot wolves with guns and bows. Ermine and foxes are caught with traps, called Mykulomoj; reindeer fat is used as bait. The Bolshezemelskaja Samoyeds take two or three to seven wives, depending on their wealth. [They] buy their wives and pay 40-100 reindeer for them. They also get divorced from their wives and each party can marry for a second time.
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