Verbal adjectives and adverbs
Contents
- Aorist participle
- Past participle
- Future participle
- Debitive participle
- “Passive participle”
- Infinitive
- (Present) Gerund
- Preterite gerund
- Caritive gerund
Editor’s introduction
In this section are listed both the forms that appear in Castrén’s paradigms and those found elsewhere.
Text in black is Castrén’s (original or translated into English, sometimes both, separated by a slash), text in grey is the editor’s.
Aorist participle
[The aorist participle (n)təľ is labelled ‘present or preterite participle’ or either of these (mostly however only ‘participle’) in the original grammars. The term aorist participle comes in the combined grammar (G143 , 144), and already on 463 as “present or preterite (aorist) participle”, but there referring to the adjective from the nomen actionis. The aorist participle denotes by verbs of durative aspect present (‘living’), by verbs of momentane aspect the immediate past (‘dead (now)’.]
G120 The present or preterite participle suffix is dal (*di), as by adjectives.
Narym
Consonant stems
amdal-gup 139
äramdal 199
niemdal 178
pöttal 137
elttal 137
čittal-gup 136, c̢îttàl [sic, -à-] G141
pandal-gup (preterite) 138
šertal gup 187
mirdal-g. 188
auartal g. 188
hadartal g. 188
handšartal g. 188
tortal 192
hepkaldšal, 137, G145, Nm hepkalsal 137
elaldšal gup 138
Schwa stems
čádaedal клано, [Nm] cadaendal (склал) 122, čadandal [as participle of ćātəntə-] 123
[ālćəntə-:] alčendadal (?) [question mark by Castrén] 126)
wačedál 129
togoldšedal 129
kaidal 132
lerdal, léredal 133, léredäl 147, lerdal-gup 138
[parə-:] pardal 134, pardal gup 187
eldal, éldäl живущий 135, eldal 147, eldal-gop 193
ómdedal 140
ā́mdedal 140, amdadal 175, 194
čadšadal gop едущий человек 177
udšedal-gup 179
nagendšedal-gup писарь / scribe 180
čurdal-g. 188
[ki̮ränčə-:] kerennendšel g[up] 188
kaldal 188
perdal 189
pendšadal-g[up] 189
[pūntə-:] pundadal 189
[pūnčə-:] pundšadal-g[up] 189
njóndšadal g[up] 189
tîndadal 189
ačedal-gup 191
hadšedal 191
čittadal 192
eppadal-gup [lying person] 128, 177
Duratives
alčaembadal 127
čadaembadal, čadambadal 122, čadambadal 123, 195
togoldšembadal 192
mešpadal 196
töšpadal 190
ogolešpadal который учился 196
Fixed vowel stems
čadakudal 125
parkudal 190
medakudal 197
[šergu]-dal 187
tökudal 197
[/ćāŋkutəľ/ in compound numerals:] čangul, dšal[‿g-], dšak[‿k-] 35, 36, Nm cangul, cag[‿n-], čang[‿s-], čáng[‿g-] 35, 36
ljorgádal 199
negedal 190
njódal 130, njodal (njondal) 189
pudal, pundal 189
tîdal 189
pedal (= pebal [i.e. meaning the same as the past participle]) 131, pédal, pendal 189)
čödal (čöndal) 189
édäl бывший [sic] 141, edäl 180, †edàl (†endàl) [sic, -à-] G153
Ob
Schwa stems
naadarntel needing 433
Duratives
tyyn‿ambede koač burned town 448
Fixed vowel stems
[/ćāŋkutəj/ in compound numerals:] čaadi 459
MO
Consonant stems
suurutše-gum hunter 266
kuelče-gum fisher 266
teldšer-suurm [flying animal = bird] Wa420
kyngdal strid / rapid (streaming) Wa370
Schwa stems
aamnendi sitting 453
kerende g[um] 275
elnde-g[um] 275, elndie 135, ilnde (-i) Wa343
moodjendi (-e) halt / lame Wa387, Wb239
njuindi Wb247
kyydendi Wa370
kuesendi-g. (-е-g.) [hungry man] Wa383
tydindei [stinking] Wa425, tydindi Wb326
Duratives
aandalbede (-i) or aandalba‹d›a g. [happy man] Wa339
kabrambedi (-e) Wa366
oogolmbede-g. [учений] Wa350
k͔uumbedi [мертвый, död] Wb214
ödúmbedi våt / wet Wa410
[mangém]-badal [tight] Wa419
Fixed vowel stems
[/ćāŋkutəj/ in compound numerals:] tjaadi, tjal[‿d-, ‿t-], tjas[‿s-], tjaan[‿n-] 35, 36
*eende (-i) 278
Čulym
Consonant stems
kueletje-gum промышленник [fisher] 325
somberie-g. [wizard (shaman)] Wa383
telderes-(-l-)suurm [flying animal = bird] Wa420, Wb319
kyngdel = kyngdí Wa370
Schwa stems
tjaačendie-gum [который] зажег / the person that lit 314
uutjendie-g[um] (-öndyö-) som arbetar / working 318, uutjendie or uutjendyö 318
ortteöndyö-g[um] 318, orttöndyö-g[um] 318
[ńōtə-:] njoočendyö-gum (present) 321
ilndie 322, ilndí or ilendie Wa343
parindi-yt [vodka] Wa398
tourundyö [sic] [knowing] Wa421
nägendie-g[um] [writing person, /ne̮kənnənčəj/] Wa393
k͔yydĕndy (-ndyö) Wa370
k͔uesendie-g. Wa383
Duratives
tjaačembedie-g[um] [который] зажигал / person who has lit 314, tjaačembedie-g[um] кот[орый] топит / person who fires 314
nermbedi-g[um] боязливый / fearing person 320
ieppedie-g[um] [который] бывал 324
[tiirem]-bedi Wa418
Fixed vowel stems
tjaačekundi-gum 315
[/ćāŋŋuntəj/ in compound numerals:] tjeundi, tjeui[‿k-], tjeul[‿d-], tjeul[‿n-], tjeul[‿t-] 297
njoondyö-gum следующий / following (chasing) person 321
iendie-g[um] 324
OO
Consonant stems
somberi-gum Wa383
kyundje Wa370
†kuandje G144
†*pandje G144
Schwa stems
[tjaačen]-dje-g[um] 314
moodjedje Wa387
lägenindje-j. [sic, ɔ: -g.] Wa393
njuuyndje 339, Wa393, njúyndje Wb247
kýydendjö Wa370
[k͔uese]-ndje Wa383
Duratives
kumbetje (= kuubie) dead 326, kumbeatje 337, kuumbadje Wa378, kuubatje [sic] G149
[tjaače]-mbetje skjuten fågel / a shot bird (= tjaačembie suurm) 326
maačembetji sårad / wounded 326
[tjirm]-bedi Wa418
panalembetji kyndö испорченный лошадь / spoiled horse, panalembetji iegang [I am spoiled (doubtful construction)] 326
Fixed vowel stems
[/ćāŋŋuntəj/ in compound numerals:] tjeundj[‿yö-], tjeui[‿k-], tjeul[‿t-], tjeul[‿n-], tjeul[‿t-] 297
iendje 324
Ket
Consonant stems
amdei-g[um] 277
ormde 277
pandi 277
kȳngdi ke [flowing river] (kyyngdi) Wa370
suureldje-gum jägare / hunter 266
kueleldje-gum fiskafångare / fisher 266
somberi-ǥum trollkarl / wizard (shaman) Wb281
tĭldser-suurum [flying animal = bird] Wa420, Wb319
paraldse 276
nildjoldse-gum 276
Schwa stems
tjaadendi-gum [который зажига]л 264
kaaindi 275
lakkendi [sic, -kk-. Supposed to be lak͔ə- ‘to work’] 271
puudendi 268
uudjendi-gum 270
taundi 275
kerendi 275
njedendi-gum женатый / married 271
[/sērə-/:] seerĕndi 276
[/sērəsi-/?:] seerĕsende 276
wattjendi 267
togoldsendi 267
ilndi (-e) 275, ilndé (-i) levande Wa343
parindi Wb260: parind-yt Wa398, 229
pattind-yt (= parind-yt водка) 229
tinundi знающий / knowing Wa421
tassundĭ (djel) kall [cold day] Wa420, Wb319
njūjidi söt Wa393
k͔yydaεndi (gom) больной Wa370
i-stems
aamdendi-g[um] 277
tjaadembedi который зажигал 265, tjadembedi (давно) 264
uudjembede 271
kapparmbede fet Wa366
kooptengbedi sir oxe / ox [castrated bull], k͔ooptengbedi, but -bede sir Wa360
k͔uubedi [dead, /k͔ūbbədi/, denasalisation] Wb214
teembadĭ [rotten] Wa420, Wb319
ogolbade ученный [/ōk͔ələbbədi/, denasalisation] 227
yttúmbedi сырой, våt / wet Wa410
tiimbada-s. (-bede-) [flying animal = bird] Wa420
tiirmbedi Wb315
syyumbadĕ Wa407
eembadi (-e) бывал / having been (= eeppadi) 278
Fixed vowel stems
ádundi gum 272
tjaadêkunde 266
tjaangundi 279, [in compound numerals:] tjaadin[‿g-], tjaada, tjăs[‿s-], tjan[‿n-], tjal[‿n-] 297)
njoondi [который гна]л / who has chased 273
peendi 274
eende (-i) 278
NP
Consonant stems
tildšeres-ʃuuram [flying animal = bird] Wa420, Wb319
kȳngdál (čueč) strid / rapid [place] Wa370
Schwa stems
čaadándie 314
ilàndie-g[um] 322, ilándie Wa343
tinnundae (gum) Wa421
tassundie Wa420
kȳtándie Wa370
näkandšend‹í?›-ǥum Wa393
i-stems
mimbedi-mê отдано-то / a given away thing 337
membedi-mê сделано / a made thing 337
imbedi mê взято / a taken thing 337
[tjaada]-mbidae-g[um] 314
oogalimbedi Wb178
čêkambadál Wa416
tiirimbidai Wa418
syumbidai het Wa407
Fixed vowel stems
[/ćāŋkuntəj/ in compound numerals:] tjaangundi, tjangdel, tjaandel, tjaadii, tjas[‿s-], tjan[‿n-] 297
Eloguj
Schwa stems
ilndil 349
njúnjedil 355
kyytendil 353
Duratives
kumbedil мертвый 353
Fixed vowel stems
[In compound numeral ‘9’:] tjaangudel 350
Baiha
Consonant stems
k͔ueletjel-g. fiskfångare / fish catcher 380
šibatjel-g. andfångare / duck catcher 380
ámarel-gum ätare / eater 380
suuritjel 385
(kučarnam хожу:) kučarel-g. 379
(tjaadšernam кую / I forge:) tjaadšerel-g. smith 379
minerel-g. [кто] промышляет / who hunts 379
Schwa stems
tjaatedel-gum [кто] добыл / who lit 379
alčendel [кто] упал / who fell 382
ippedil-g. liggande / lying [person] 380
nыngedil-g. stående / standing 380
āmdedil-g. sittande / sitting 380
uudjendel-g. 380
aamarko (kîkal or) kîkendi-gum кто есть хочет / who wants to eat (wanting-to-eat person) 380
[/ćāŋkə(n)təľ/ in compound numerals:] tjää[‿g-], tjää[‿s-], djää[‿n-], iä́di[‿g-], ä́djä[‿n-], andja[‿t-] 370
Duratives
tjaatembedi-g. [кто] добыл / who lit 379
Fixed vowel stems
tuundel-g. гребец / rowing person 379
njoondil-gup som jagar / chasing person 380
somak tjyndedil som väl skjuter / well shooting 380
éndil (eendil) сущий / being 386
Taz
430 The actual ending for the participle is -l, which however seldom is added immediately to the stem, although this sometimes happens, but through the addition -de-, so that the participle ending becomes -del. Monosyllabic words with long vowel preferably make their participle from the determined form on -ndam [the latentive], but also from the undetermined [the aorist (ɔ: the stem)], e.g. njootel.
Those on -rnang do not take the [addition] suffix (amarel).
Those on -lnang take the ending -dšel.
Those on -nnang take the ending -ttel.
Verbs on -ndam (the determined form [the latentive]) make participles on -ndel.
Those on -bam (-ng) take -bel [actually the past participle] or -bedel. NB. In short stems, [addition] suffix is added, in long stems not.
Consonant stems
[t-stems:]
(konnam hosta:) kottel 430
(monnam бил:) mottel (mootel) 430
(pönnang:) pöttel E483
(tjändennang вымок:) tjändettel-g[um] мокрый человек / wet(ted) person E482
(korbennam мешаю:) korbettel-g[um] E482
tjeldjettel-g[um] som trampar / that tramples 430
tuerettel-g[um] tjuv / thief 430
(kuennam убил:) kuettel-g[um] mördare / murderer E483
(šyynnam сошил:) šyttel-g[um] som syr / that sews [ɔ: that sew] E483, 430
amdel-g[um] 431
mirengdel-g[um] 431
[n-stems:]
(kuennang уехал:) kuendel-g[um] (= past participle kuenbel) 438
(pinnam клал:) pindel-g[um] 438
[ŋ-stems:]
k͔óptengnam клал: kooptengdel-g[um] ([latentive] k͔ooptengdam) E483
[j-stems:]
(uunnjang куропатки промышляю:) uttjel-g[um] (cfr. [schwa stem] uutjang работаю: uutjendel-g[um]) E482
(sêngennjang утки промышляю:) -ettjel-g[um] E482
(langennjang заревел:) langettjel-g[um] E482
suuretjel-g[um] (-č-) hunter 417
kueletjel-g[um] fisher 417
pisetjèl-g[um] 429
[r-stems:]
minerél-g[um] hunter 417
tjaaterél-gum smith 417
[ńōtər-:] njotterel-g[um] körare / driver 417
amarel-g[um] ätare / eater 429
konderel-g[um] sovare / sleeper (-rnam [sic]) 429
tjok͔k͔orel-gum (-rnam) 430
NB. (parnam вил:) parrél-g[um] E482
(šeernam:) šeerel E482
[l-stems:]
kuečkaldšel-g[um] (-lnam) 430
lak͔arel-g[um] (-ram [sic, ɔ: -rnam]) 430
tjeldjoldšel-g[um] som trampar / that tramples [ɔ: trampled] 430
Schwa stems
[verbs of durative aspect:]
(lagaram шевелю:) lagarendel-g[um] E482, lak͔arendel 430
(peeram söka:) peerendel-g[um] E482
(tjuurang:) tjuurendel (-dil) E482
(teenttang говорю:) teenttendel (-dil) E482
(pändšang плаву:) pännendšel-g[um] E483
(näkendšam пишу:) näkennendšel E483
temdedel-g[um] merchant 417
aamdedel som sitter / sitting 429
tî́ndedel-g[um] (“= tîndel-g[um]”) 429
kondedel som sover / sleeping 429
šyttedel sy (“= šyttel”) 430
tatedel som bär / bringing 430
kuendedel som bär / carrying 430
peeretel 430
êteldšel-g[um] som väntar / that waits 430
[/ćāŋkətəľ/ in compound numerals:] tjäädel, tjäädi, tjää[‿k], ää́tэ[‿k], iääi[‿k], iä́del[‿k] 393
[verbs of momentane aspect:]
(îtam весил:) itendel-gum кто весил / who hang up E481
(îttétjam на час повесил?:) ittétjendel-gum кто весил / who hang up E481
(eteptam спрятал:) eteptendel-g[um] E481
(ippátjam давил:) ippátjendel-g[um] E481
(orátjam имал:) orátjendel? (-ndšel) E482
(saaram привязал:) saarendel E482
(kêtam сказал:) kêtendel-g[um] E482
(kuunang убежал:) kuunendel-g[um] E482
(kuram вил:) kurendel-g[um] E482
(keeltjang разбудился:) keeltjendel-g[um] E482
(mačam skära:) mačedšel or -ndšel E482, mäčäl or mačandel 430
(päletam:) päletendel-g[um] E482
(taak͔k͔am постелю:) taak͔k͔andel E482
(tiiram наполнил:) tiirendel E482
(tuelam украл:) tuelendel E482
(k͔uendang унес:) k͔uennendšel-g[um] E483
(saadšam окусил:) saadšendšel-g[um] som bet / person that bit E483
(k͔amdšam вылил:) k͔amnendšel E483
(maandšam смерил:) maannendšel E483
(pööčam согрел:) pöčendšel-g[um] E483
pöčel-g[um] som eldar / that heats [ɔ: heated] 430
tjaadedel-g[um] som gör eld / who makes fire [ɔ: who lit] 430
k͔amdedel-g[um] utgjuta 430
(k͔andetjang замерз:) k͔andétjendel-g[um] E483
(mačetjam резал:) mačétjendel-g[um] E483
(motétjam (-tt-) бил:) mottétjendel-g[um] (-t-), so all words on -tjam (-ng) E483
Duratives
tjaadembedel (= [nomen actionis adjective] -beptel) 417, tjaadembedil-g[um] (-del) 419
šitemdel-g[um] [/śitəmməntəľ/] som väcker / that wakes 430
ippedel or -ndel-g[um] 430
tjyyndelä taanambedel-gum [sic] a man learned to shoot E451
Fixed vowel stems
(ippángam давлю:) ippandel-g[um] E481
(orangam имаю:) orándel-g[um] E482
(näkängam тяну:) näkändel-g[um] E484
(nok͔angam пехаю:) nok͔andel-g[um] E484
moočandel som haltar / limping 430
(njoongam:) njoondel-g[um] E484, njoondel-g[um] som jagar / hunting = njootel 429
puundel-g[um] blower 417
tuundel-g[um] som ror / rowing (from the form tundal?) 429
peendel som söker / seeking 430
tyyndedel-gum som far / that goes [ɔ: comes] 430
(mingam:) mindel E484
(nyyngam öppna:) nyyndel E484
tîndel-g[um] som grälar / that quarrels [ɔ: quarreled] 429
tyyndel som kom / that came 430
eendel som är / being 432
E481 An exception from this rule [?] are the words that make future on -čam:
(iingam [I took]:) iindel-g[um] (desiderative iičam: latentive iindam), (meengam сделал:) meendel (desiderative meečam: latentive meendam).
[Castrén is of the opinion that the participle consists of latentive ntə + adjective ľ. On 417 he claims the participle ending to be plainly (ä)l. This false assumption stems from the verbs on r, where r+t > r:]
417 NB. This participle is formed by the ending -él, added to the stem, but those who in simple form have the meaning of preterite reluctantly use this form, but rather [present participle] from the form on -bam. On the other hand present participle is made from the simple form, e.g. wuerel, puundel.
417 wuerél-gum guard, apsetam: apsetel-g[um] fostrare / raiser [the latter being < apsətətəľ, the first is unclear].
Karasino
Consonant stems
kuettjel g[um] [breathing man] Wb201
tilderel-suurum [flying animal = bird] Wb319
tjaaterel-ǥ. or tjaarerel-g[um] Wb328
Schwa stems
ilndelj Wb170
parenjendil Wb260
êäk͔andendel-k͔. [stammering person] Wb173
tekerendel-g[um] Wb296
kî́štil [hungry] Wb222
[/ćāŋkətəľ/ in compound numerals:] tjaangedel, tjaadel, tjanged[‿š-], [-t‿]ejang [‿š-] 395
Duratives
tjeelengbedel Wb293
Past participle
[The past participle pəľ appears regularly in the original N paradigms. As the participle is not productive in the next dialects he studied (MO, Č, K, NP), Castrén has omitted it from the paradigms for the other dialects, and so also from the combined grammar, except from the note below.]
G149 From [verbal constructions with durative to express passive] is constructed with the usual adjective suffix ‹l?› (*die, *dje, *tje) an participial adjective that with the aid of the verbal auxiliary makes a periphrastic conjugation, e.g. panalbal [destroyed], madзembal‿eang I am wounded [note: here is actually a gerund]. G150 NB. Č kubie, kuubatje [sic, ɔ: OO kumbatje, aorist participle from k͔ūmpi-] [dead].
Narym
Consonant stems
ambal 139
č̢itpal 136
pötpal warm 137, 29, pȫtpel Wa401, pötpel 29
tokuatpal тесный / tight 18, tokoatpal Wa419
panbal 138
parbal 134, 187, parbalmî плетюшка / wickerwork, braided thing 187
šerbal 135
hepkalbal 137
Schwa stems
hä́lbä‹l›-gup 125
álčebal 126, alčebal упавший 191
wačebal 129
čagebal [dried] Wb208, čagebal grund / shallow Wa416, Wb303, Nm cцagebal Wa416
kerbal 133
lerbal (lérbäl) 133, lerbäl 147
elbal живший / lived 135
kandabal-öt [frozen] water 30
kunabal gop беглый / fugitive person 28
ahal nädäbäl ogift / unmarried Wa339, 42
togoldšebal 129
ogollaldšebal учений / learnt Wa350, ogolaldšebel 23, Nm ogollalsebal Wa350
kabrabal fet / fat Wa366, Wb210, 7, Nm k͔ắbrabal Wa366
kalmerubal 7, kălmerbal klar / bright Wa374
kîrmdšebal ранен / wounded 60, kê̆́rndšebal [sic] Wa372, Nm kermsebal Wa372
šöubal dšel жаркий день / hot day 29, šöubal (= šöumbadal) 35
tirbal [full, täytetty = tirmbal] 11
ómdebal 140
aamdebal 140
kalbal оставший / left 188
Duratives
tirmbal full [täyttynyt, = tirbal] Wa418, tiirmbal Wb315
témbal гнилый, кислый Wa420, Wb319
Fixed vowel stems
tänubal-gop знающий / knowing [ɔ: known person] Wa421, tänupal gup 21
njóbal 130
kū́bal мертвый, dead Wa378, k͔uubal Wb214
Nm tébäl [rotten] Wa420
mebel‿mî [made thing] (means ‘my work’, “my done”, takes verbal [sic] suffixes) 178
töbal-gup прише‹дший› / come 190
Ob
Consonant stems
tyyn‿ambi koač burned town 448
Čulym
Fixed vowel stems
k͔uubie (-í) (kuubie gum) [dead person] Wa378
ciebie, ciebí гнилый, ciebie-guel [rotten fish] Wa417
OO
Duratives
tjaačembie suurm skjuten fågel / a shot bird (= [aorist participle] -mbetje, passive) 326
maačembie utэ sårad hand / wounded [cut] hand (= maačembetji) 326
panalembie kyndö (= panalembetji) испорченный лошадь / spoiled horse 326
Fixed vowel stems
kuubie (= kumbetje) dead 326, 337
čiebí rotten Wa417
Ket
Duratives
tiirmbal [full] Wa418
Baiha
Schwa stems
tjaatebel-gum 379
alčebel [кто] упал / who fell 382
čégebel (-ế-) сухой Wb208
pirebel aps [fried food] SQNK
k͔aperepel Wb210
taanamdebel Wb178
Fixed vowel stems
kuubel (-il) Wb214
eepel бывший 386
Taz
Consonant stems
ămbel (-lj) E443
k͔uenbel Wb212
njenjemátpel [angry, vihastunut] Wb302
Schwa stems
kuendebel-g[um] 430
ilebel жилый, som länge levat, utlevad / outlived Wb170
mačebel skuren / cut E454
k͔aanjebel (-bilj) täckt / covered Wb221
čekebel Wb208
tuelebel (-lj) stulen / stolen E443
mat tjättebel šiipa min skjutna and / my shot duck E454
[molmä́]-ptebel Wb286
selebel (-il) slipad / sharpened Wb191
k͔aperebel (-b-) Wb210
apsetebel-g[um] född, gödd Wb161, E459 (кормленный человек E466)
êteptebiil gömd / hidden E466, êteptebel (-bil, -lj) Wb173
yyryptčebel förlorad / lost Wb185
taanamdebel Wb178
nuunetjébel-(-lj-)g[um] trött / tired person Wb250
Duratives
[k͔ompi-:] k͔oombel найденный / found E454
Fixed vowel stems
[k͔o-:] koobel [found] E454
kuubel-gum [dead person] E464
mipel 432
iibel 432, iipilj (-el) 1. som tog / that took, 2. som är tagen / that is taken, e.g. iipilj pang tagen kniv / a taken knife; pangem iipelj-kum mannen som tog kniven / the man who took the knife E479
épel 432
Karasino
Schwa stems
tandaldšebel-g[um] Wb178
Future participle
[The future participle psa (‘will do, is going to do’) is not described more than through some translations, of which most do not much express the meaning of the participle. As alternative to the future participle is often given the debitive participle, that is used similarly.]
G120 The future [participle is] ha, sa (or with suffix [debitive participle] sódi, sotti).
Narym
Consonant stems
afá-gup 139
orfa 139, 199, orfa gup (prop. *ormpha, *orpha) 195
pössá 137
[ēlət- ‘to step’:] elha 135
passá 138
parhá 134
auarha 188
hadarha 188
[ēlal-:] elassa 138
Schwa stems
čadandaha 123
alčehá 126
wačehá 129
togoldšahá 129
kerhá 133
udša-gup 179
nagendšá-gup писарь / scribe [person who will write] 180
čurha 188
kal‹ha› 188
āmdahá 140
Duratives
čadambaha 123
eppahá 128
mešpaha 196
Fixed vowel stems
čadakuhá 125
alčekuha 127
parkuhá 190
šerguha gup 187
tökuhá 197
tänuhá 190
negehá 190
puha 189
töha gop 177
meha‿mî работа [thing to do, tehtävä] 174, meha‿mî koček много ‹работ› / much work, plural meha‿mat 178
čöhá 189
MO
Schwa stems
nagendša-ǥ[um] scribe [person who will write] Wa393
Čulym
Schwa stems
uudjysʃa-g[um] 318, uudjyssa-g[um] 318
orttössá-g[um] 318
Fixed vowel stems
tjaačekusʃa-gum [который] зажигает / person who will light 314, 315
Ket
Consonant stems
absá (apsá) 277
orpsa-g[um] 277
pasʃa 277
tjadêrsá-gum smith [person who will forge] 266
Schwa stems
tjaadessa [gum] ‹положить› (= tjaadesotti-gum) 264
kaaisʃa 275
[lak͔ə- to work:] laxsá-gum 271
puudesʃá 268
udjessa-gum 270
keresʃa 275
njedesʃá 271
wattjessá (= -sotti) 267
nagendesʃá gum писарь / scribe 266, nagendsa-ǥum Wa393
[pūtəkuččə-:] puutkutʃa andu перевоз [boat for bringing across] 268
[k͔uələččə-:] kueltsá-gum fiskafångare / fish-cather [person who will fish] (NB. suffix -tsa (in the third syllable?) = -ssa) 266
Duratives
tjaadembessa-gum (=tjaadembesotti) [который] после зажигает 265
ermbasʃá gum хранитель [who will take care] 266
Fixed vowel stems
tjaangussá 279
[tjaadaku]-tsa-gum [sic, -ts-, from ćātəkuččə- if correct, but all other forms are from the frequentative ćātəkku-] (= tjaadakusotti) 266
ogoldsekussá-gum учитель / teacher 266
tuusʃá-gum гребец / rower [ɔ: person who will row] 266
njossá-gum [который гна]ть [будет] / who will chase 273
pesʃa 274
eessa 278
Baiha
čuečem-apsa-ireäd month when the ground freezes [“month that will eat the earth”] Wb333
Taz
Consonant stems
suureša-g[um] som vill jaga / who wants to hunt 418
kueleša-g[um] fiska 418
minersá-g[um] jaga 418
syydersá sy 418
syssa-g[um] id. 418
moossa slå 418
kuessa fara 418
mireksá-k[um]? 432
Schwa stems
tjaatesa-g[um] som vill / who wants to light 418
kättesa-g[um] 418
indesa-g[um] taga [who is going to take] 418
Duratives
tjaadembepsá 419
Fixed vowel stems
(epsa) 432
Debitive participle
[This compound participle psotəľ (future noun psot with adjective) appears as alternative to the future participle, and is used similarly.]
G120 The future [participle is] ([future participe] ha, sa) or with suffix sódi, sotti.
Ob
Consonant stems
šiersadi 447, ma‿šiersódi porgase eän? finns det kläder att taga på sig / are there clothes for me to wear? 155
Schwa stems
ýdep čačasodi koček att hämta vatten, därtill har jag folk tillräckligt / (people) to bring water (I) have many 431, čačasodi hämtare / bringer (ydep čačasodi) 153
MO
Schwa stems
tjaadessodi (NB. -ss-) 264
keressodi 275
Duratives
[tjaadembe]-ssódi 265
Fixed vowel stems
[tjaangu]-sodi 279
[tjaadaku]-ssódi 266
tūssodi-g[um] (= K tuusʃá-gum гребец / rower [ɔ: person who will row]) 266
eessode-g[um] 278
Čulym
Schwa stems
tjaatsessödyö-gum 314
uudjyssödjö-g[um] (=uudjysʃa-g[um]) 318
orttösʃödyö-g[um] 318
Duratives
nermbessödyo-g[um] 320
Fixed vowel stems
njoossódyö-g[um] [который] хочет [гнать] 311
iessödyö (OO iessö́dje) 324
Ket
Consonant stems
paraʃsotti-g[um] (-ss-) 276
nildjosotti 276
Schwa stems
tjaadesotti (-e) -gum (= tjaadessa [gum]) ‹положить› 264
uudjesotti 270
[njede]-sotti 271
keressotti 275
ilesʃotti 275
wattjesotti (= wattjessá) 267
togoldsesotti 267
Duratives
tjaadembesotti-gum (=tjaadembessa) [который] после зажигает 265
Fixed vowel stems
tjaangusotti 279
tjaadakusotti (= -tsa-gum) 266
eesotti 278
NP
Schwa stems
čaadapsottae-g[um] 314
Baiha
Consonant stems
amarssódil-gum som vill äta / who wants to eat. This form is in Baiha dialect seldom used, and replaced with infinitive on -go with added kîgedil som vill / wanting 380
“Passive participle”
[Castrén first lists as passive participle čádamba [‘has lit’, translated by the informant *накладено etc.], hälmba точено, but then states correctly that ‘this is just the third person singular of hälmbap’.]
[Cfr. 140:] NB. By the transitive conjugation is used [passive participle replaced with:] gerund -le before the auxiliary verb, e.g. panalba испорчен / is destroyed: panalbal(e) eák я испорчен / I am destroyed; njoap гоню / I chase: njómba гонен / is chased: njómbal(e) eäk я гонен / I am chased; madšap skära / I cut: madšembal(e) eák jag är skuren / I am cut; tuap запер / I closed: tumba заперто / is closed: tumbal(e) ek заперто (есть) / it is closed; kerle ek луплено / is peeled.
Narym
Consonant stems
čîtpa 136
koatpa ловлено 176, koaatpa [sic] добыто 193
Schwa stems
čádamba 122, čadamba накладывано 195
alčemba 126
wačemba
togoldšemba 129
kermba 133
elmba 135
amnamba sut‹e›t / has sat 140, 175
niemnamba 178
udšemba 179
mandšemba 191
lageptamba трясано 195
Duratives
Fixed vowel stems
čadakumba 125
álčekumba 127
tänumba известно 190
medakumba 197
njomba 130
memba сделано 178
Ket
tjaadêmba накладено [the fire is made], third person singular from [tjaadê]-mbang 265
tjaadêkomba (from this [sic] tjaadakumbau вытопливаю) 266
Infinitive
GSL633: Infinitive is formed in the first conjugation with the suffix gu, whose initial g in the second conjugation usually is changed to k, e.g. eppagu to lie, pötku to be warmed. [...] Infinitive takes the weak character gu by verbs in the second conjugation whose stem end in m, n, l, r, e.g. amgu to eat, pangu to put, hepkalgu to hide, pargu to braid. GSL641 Infinitive mode on gu, ku, that all the northern dialects lack. [Note: The Tundra dialect has k͔o instead of the infinitive suffix ku. Used as a noun the suffix is still ku, see the Taz syntactic examples.]
Tym
Consonant stems
au’urgu 158
jydergu [to drink] 158
Fixed vowel stems
tugu 158
Narym
Consonant stems
niemgu 199, niemgu or niemnagu [sic, falsely inserted aorist suffix] 178
äramgu 199
č̢itku 136, čitku 192, č̢îtkù G141
c̢eutku 193
hepkalgu 137, hêpkalgu 193, G145
pangalgu 192
Schwa stems
čadandaegu? 123
adegu 125
alčendagu 126
hadšugu 191
mandšugu [to measure] 191
kaigu 132
ómdegu 140
amdagu 194
omtagu [to pray] 194
udšgu (NB. The following vowel determines the preceding unaccented vowel (schwa)) 179
kalgu 188
ačugu 191
häldšegu 192
örčugu 191
ogolgu 193
čondugu 196
amdagu 175
Duratives
alčaembagu 127
pötpagu 193
ambagu [to yawn] 194
mušembagu? (missing) 195
tökumbagu? 197
medakumbagu 197
mešpagu 196
ogolešpagu 196
Fixed vowel stems
čadakugu 125
alčekugu 127
šerguku 187
parguku 187, parkuku [sic] 190
medakugu 197
tökugu 197
ljorgagu 199
êpagu 199
negegu 190
čógu 190
pugu 189
tîgu 189
tögu 177
megu [to make] 178
pegu 189
igu 190
tögu 190
čögu 189
egu 141, 180, 205, perg‿égu [to be tall] 200, täneh‿egu [to be wise] 200
Ob
Schwa stems
tuelgu steal 456
čăčegu bring out 435
sogondšegu ask 435
MO
Schwa stems
kergu 275
Duratives
tjaadembugu 265
Čulym
Consonant stems
kuangu 325
kueleskù 325
surusku 325
pesesku 325
puaralgu 323
OO otjinggu Wa359
Schwa stems
tjaačugu (-egu, -agu) (OO tjaačêgu) 314
uutjugu 318
orttugu 318
kergu 322
Duratives
tjačembugu 314
nermbugu 320
Fixed vowel stems
tjačekugu 315
njoogu 321
iegu 324
Ket
Consonant stems
amgu 277
ormgu 277
pangu 277
taargu 276
seergu 276
paaralgu 276
nildjolgu 276
Schwa stems
tjaadêgu (-dagu) 264, †tjādegu GSL649
kaaigu 275
lakkăgu 271
puudagu 268
uudjegu 270
taugu 275
keregu 275
njettegu 271
ilgu 275
wattjegu 267
sottegu 268
i-stems
aamdegu 277
tjaadembêgu 265
uudjembêgu 271
Fixed vowel stems
attugu 272
tjaangugu 279
tjáadakúgu 266
njógu 273
pegu 274
eegu 278
NP
Schwa stems
čaatэgu (-ku) 314
[NP?] utjegu 318
i-stems
tjaadambigu 314
Fixed vowel stems
eegu 324
Baiha
Consonant stems
amgu 385
kueleško 385
surîsko 385
Schwa stems
tjaatago 379
alčego 382
Fixed vowel stems
ego 386
Taz
Consonant stems
amgo 431
mirengko (-ngo) 431
Schwa stems
tjaadago or -ko 417
kóndako sova 429
ippako ligga 429
Duratives
tjaadembeku 419
Fixed vowel stems
työ́ko komma 429
túuko ro 429
peäko söka 429
ieko взять 429
mieko отдать 429
meäko сдeлать 429
kooko finna (cfr. kîeko) 429
(tîngam ругаю:) t‹î?ê?›êko 429
puuko blåsa 429
eengu [sic] (eeku) 432
429 [Concerning preaspiration before k͔:] NB. i > ie, e > eä, y > yo, î > îe, but a, o, u remain unchanged in the Taz dialect.
Eloguj
Consonant stems
aamargu 351
(Present) Gerund
G118 The gerund has as character le.
GSL641: Gerunds are as usual two, [deleted: of which one ends on -le and the other adds thereto the postposition (?) bele] but these have no etymological connection with the corresponding forms of the northern languages.
Narym
Consonant stems
njeble 178
[ēlət- ‘to step’:] elle 135
palle 138
parle 134
njurle 178
hepkalle 137
pölle 137
elalle 138
Schwa stems
Nm cádaelé (mansasid) [I finished lighting] 122
Nm cadandale 123
alčele 126
alčendale 126
wačele 129
togoldšele 129
kerle 133
aamdele 140, amdale сидя 175, 193
ačele 191
čittale 192
Duratives
Nm cadambale 123
alčaembale 127
parešpele 187
Fixed vowel stems
Nm čadakule 125
alčekule 127
parkule 190
šergule 187
pargule 187
tänule знающий 197
ljorgále 199
negele 190
pule 189
tîle 189
mele [to make] 178
ile 190
(“tögu lacks present gerund 190”)
čöle 189
Ob
[Note: The gerunds in the texts are usually translated with finite forms.]
Consonant stems
pačelle рубить, hewing 441–
koalle killing 434
koalle going 459–
šierle entering 446
Schwa stems
aamdele 430
poone čandšele выйдя 438
Duratives
oralbele holding 451
orraibele holding 457
kuralbele бегая 445
Fixed vowel stems
tööle coming 443–.
MO
Schwa stems
taule 275
kerle 275
Duratives
kondalbele sleeping 456
Čulym
Consonant stems
orble Wa350
(kuelennjang:) kuelelle 325
(suurunnjang:) suurulle 325
pakkalle 284
Schwa stems
tjaatlé taadaram [I light] 314
uutjele 318
orttele 318, örtt‹ê›le [sic, ö-] 319
(njočam:) njoo‹t›le (stem njoot) 321
Duratives
tjaačembele 314
köčolembele Wa385
kumbele 284
nermbele 320
Fixed vowel stems
tjaačekule 315
kule [dying] 284
njooleä 321
ieléä (OO ielé) 324
Ket
Consonant stems
able 277
orble 230, orble (cātcang) [I am growing] 277
pačalle 155
syylle 228
palle 277
taarle 276
seerle 276
paaralle 276
patjolle Wa401
nildjolle 276
Schwa stems
tjaadêlé (“prop. future gerund”) 264, †tjādele GSL649
kaaile 275
lakkele (malmang) [I stopped working] 271
puudelé 268
uudjele 270
tawule 275
kerele 275
njettele 271
ílle 275
wattjele 267
togoldsele 267
kurle 227
čadšešesúle 156
i-stems
tjaadembele (taadarap [sic, -p] зажигаю) 265
panalbele, panalbal‿eegang I am spoiled 279
njoombale 279
tuumbal‿eng заперто / is closed 279
uudjembele 271
Fixed vowel stems
attule 272
tjaangule 279
peele 274
eele 278
NP
Schwa stems
čaatêli 314
i-stems
[tjaadam]-bili 314
NP [?, rather Č] köčulembele nenga [stands beside] Wa385
Baiha
Schwa stems
tjaatelä
nыngelä 379
alčeleä 382
NB. (tjaatendšam зажигать хочу:) tjaatendšele 379
Fixed vowel stems
eleä 386
Taz
Schwa stems
tjaatelä 417
aamdelä 429
nыngelä 429
Duratives
tjaadembelä 419
Fixed vowel stems
iilä 429
Preterite gerund
[Gerund + pūlä, see comment under Baiha.]
G119 Also gerund has two tenses: a present ending on le and a preterite, that to the present gerund adds a suffix [Č] bele, in which forms is recognized the character ba of the [left unwritten] form with appended gerund suffix.
[GSL641:] Gerunds are as usual two, [deleted: of which one ends on -le and the other adds thereto the postposition (?) bele] but these have no etymological connection with the corresponding forms of the northern languages.
Narym
[In the combined grammar are given only forms on -bele, also for N. These are false for N, but might be possible for Nm, as the examples show.]
Consonant stems
šerle pule, parle pule 187
Schwa stems
Nm cadaeléble or cadaele pule 122
Nm cadandale pule 123
udšele pule 179
Duratives
Nm cadambale pule 123
Fixed vowel stems
čadakule pule 125
šergule pule 187
pule pule [having blown] 189
mele pule [having made] 178
töle pule 190
Ob
[Note: The preterite gerunds in the texts are usually translated with finite forms.]
Consonant stems
koallebele having killed 441
koallebele efter att hava gått / having gone 436
sierlebele having entered 455
orallebele having grasped 437–.
Schwa stems
omdelebele having sat down 441–
annond medälebele efter att hava kommit till båten / having arrived to the boat 439
Fixed vowel stems
tö́lebele having come 437–
ílebele efter att hava tagit / having taken 436
MO
Schwa stems
tjaadelébe [sic] 264
Čulym
Schwa stems
tjaatlébele efter att hava antänt / having lit (from the verb from on -bam), tjaatlebeä = tjaatlebele 314
Fixed vowel stems
ielebele [having been] 324
Ket
Schwa stems
tjaadelébele 264, †tjādelebele GSL649
puudelébele 268
wattjele bele 267
i-stems
tjaadembele bele 265
uudjembelebele 271
Fixed vowel stems
tjaadakule bele 266
eelebele 278
NP
Schwa stems
čaadêlibeli 314
Baiha
Schwa stems
tjaatelä pule 379
alčeleäpúle 382
Fixed vowel stems
eleä pule 386
382 NB. puuleä is itself originally a gerund from puuang or pungang to cross, cfr. puunil-päläng back side (puun back), cfr. Obdorsk dialect [Nenets].
Taz
Schwa stems
tjaatelä púla (pula) 417
Fixed vowel stems
eelä pula 432
Caritive gerund
[The caritive gerund kunćalək is not recognized by Castrén, but appears in two examples.]
Narym
tänugun čalk не знающий / not knowing 197
öndêčugončalak utan att jag hörde / without me hearing 203