HomePublicationsManuscripta Castreniana Ostiak-SamoiedicaPossessive declension

Possessive declension

Contents

Editor’s introduction

The text serving as the basis for the grammar here is on pages 89–113 of the second volume.

Text in black is Castrén’s (original or translated into English, sometimes both, separated by a slash), text in grey is the editor’s.

Possessive declension, overview

G89 As in the absolute form, also in the possessive (‘suffixive’) form the nouns are divided into two declensions. Depending on whether the nouns end in a vowel or a consonant, different suffixes will be added. In both declensions the suffixes for the nominative and the other cases are slightly different.

Suffixes for the nominative singular are:

First declension

1S u (p, m) 2S l 3S d (da)
1D wi (ui) 2D li 3D di
1P ut 2P lэt (lt) 3P dэt

Second declension

1S m 2S l 3S t
1D mi 2D li 3D ti
1P mэt 2P lэt 3P dэt [sic, GSL415 tet (d-?)]

The genitive and all other cases take the following suffixes:

First declension

1S n (k, ng) 2S d (nd) 3S d (nd)
1D ni 2D di (ndi) 3D di (ndi)
1P nэt 2P dэt (ndэt) 3P dэt (ndэt)

Second declension

1S n (k, ng) 2S t 3S t
1D ni 2D ti 3D ti
1P nэt 2P tэt 3P tэt

The plural in both the first and second declension takes the same suffixes as the singular in the first. Note that the suffixes in the instructive, as well as in some dialects ablative, can be added to both the suffix and the nominal stem itself.

The third person is in all numbers and persons less used. [Note: This false conclusion is due to the fact when asking for the third-person form, Castrén has added a genitive attribute, thus getting the absolute form. For this reason the third person is often lacking in paradigms.]

The genitive suffix contains in the first declension an n, but it merges in the second and third person, often also in the first, with ‹the genitive suffix› n. In the dative, prosecutive and instructive this n ‹follows?› the suffix itself. GSL419: The declension of the genitive is only remarkable in that it adds the suffixes of the table not to the absolute suffix n, but immediately to the stem (?) [question mark by Castrén. Castrén means that the suffixes do not take an auxiliary schwa].

G90 Upon closer inspection of the suffixes for the first and second declension, it is easy to see that the entire difference is based upon well-known changes.

In the first person singular, dual and plural alternate u (v) and m, besides which the first person plural of the second declension takes an э as an aid for pronunciation of the colliding consonants m-t. The second person is identical in both declensions, and in the third person the weak consonant d is changed to the hard t, while the hard nominal suffix requires a following hard consonant. For the same reason ‹the same sounds› alternate in the other cases of each declension.

The first person suffix is in the genitive and instructive n, in the dative, ablative and prosecutive ng. n is at the same time the suffix of both person and case, for which reason in the possessive form of the genitive it is duly double, and is pronounced as such in some dialects, but in others as single.

G96 As explanations for the possessive declension, the following remarks serve:

[a) on the plural, see below]

b) The dative and prosecutive prefer peculiar forms, and take in the first person the suffix k (ng), which also appears in verbs.

[c) on the prosecutive, see below]

d) The transformation of i to ie in the dative plural in the Ob dialect [N] is due to influence from the accent? [Actually: the e is a preaspiration before k͔]

e) Transformation of ts to ss in the instructive as explained in the Phonology.

f) The accent is in the Č (OO) dialect on the suffix, but in the other dialects it is preferably kept on the same syllable as in the stem.

[g) on the inessive/elative, see below]

[h) on the dual, see below]

i) Čulym dialect. [sic, nothing else written]

k) The instructive is used abbreviated after an e in the stem.

Comparison with Nenets

G90 When the hardening and weakening of consonants is ignored, the suffixes of the aspirated declension are in the northern dialect [Nenets] divided into the following two classes:

G91 [Nenets endings]

The first class

1S u (m) 2S r (l) 3S da (nda, ta)
1D ui (mi) 2D ri (li) 3D di (ndi, ti)
1P ua (ma) 2P ra (la) 3P dū (ndu, tu)

The second class

1S n 2S d (nd, t) 3S da (nda, ta)
1D ni 2D di (ndi, ti) 3D di (ndi, ti)
1P na 2P da (nda, ta) 3P du (ndu, tu)

The most important difference between the dialects is that the southern [Selkup] takes a t instead of the sharp aspiration of the northern dialect: ut, mэt, nэt instead of ua’, ma’ [, na’]; lэt, dэt instead of la’, da’. That the suffixes of the second class can be added to the nominative plural in the northern dialect is another remarkable discrepancy.

About stem types

GSL427:

a) When the stem ends in a [full] vowel, or when the case ending begins with a vowel, no connecting vowel is needed, e.g. koǯa sack: nominative 1S koǯau: 2S koǯal: 3S koǯat: 1D koǯawi: 2D koǯali etc.

b) The connecting vowel is also omitted when the stem or its cases ends on any of the consonants k (ng), p (m), t, r, l, s, š. After l (and n) however a connecting vowel is usually added when the stem has a hard vowel, dialectally also after weak vowels, e.g. kuel fish: nominative 1S kuelou: 2S kuelol: 3S kuelet (kuelt): 1D kuelewi: 2D kueleli etc., yn strap: nominative 1S yneu: 2S ynel: 3S ynet etc.

c) If the stem ends in another consonant [ɔ: a consonant followed by schwa], a connecting vowel is added. This is usually e, but if the stem has hard vowels, the nominative, genitive, accusative and instructive before first and second person singular suffixes, usually also before first person dual and plural suffixes, take an o.

Accusative

G90 The accusative in the possessive declension is usually identical with the nominative, but as in the northern dialect [Nenets], here the genitive suffix added to the accusative ending m is rarely used in the second person, e.g. loga fox: accusative logam: 2S logamd: 2D logamdi: 2P logamdэt.

GSL419: The accusative [ɔ: form of the object] is also in Ostyak-Samoyed usually expressed with the nominative. In the second and third persons, however, to the accusative suffix m the genitive suffix can be added, by which the n of the genitive is omitted, e.g. 1S [nominative] logau: 2S logamd: 3S logamd: 1D [nominative] logaui: 2D logamdi: 3D logamdi: 1P [nominative] logaut: 2P logamdet: 3P logamdet. In the second declension the accusative and genitive merge in the second and third person according to my notes, e.g. 1S hыrm: 2S hыrt: 3S hыrt etc. The plural can in the accusative take the same suffixes, e.g. [collective, Č] logala foxes: 1S logalau: 2S logalamd: 3S logalamd: 1D logalawi: 2D logalamdi: 3D logalamdi: 1P logálaut: 2P logalamdet: 3P logalamdet, or [plural, N:] 1S loganim: 2S loganimd: 3S loganimd: 1D loganivi: 2D loganimdi: 3D loganimdi: 1P loganiut: 2P loganimdet: 3P loganimdet.

Local cases

GSL418: In the possessive declension, not only the locative and ablative but also the dative is expressed with one and the same suffix (which is common to both animate and inanimate objects). Its marker is ga (ka), which in the 1S and 2S (usually) sounds as ǥae (kae) (deleted: dialectally also ǥe).

Prosecutive

G96 In the prosecutive the Ket dialect preserves the full case suffix and changes t [of N!] to n. In the other dialects t [ɔ: n] is omitted, and u is changed before a vowel to v. In the second declension the prosecutive is shortened like the dative.

GSL420: In the possessive inflection, the prosecutive is in the dialects somewhat different. Most dialects omit the final consonant t [ɔ: n] and change in 1S and 2S u before an added e to v, but in the other persons no e is added, and u remains therefore unchanged, e.g. 1S logavek: 2S logawend: 3S logaund: 1D logauni: 2D logaundi etc. In the Ket dialect final t changes to n, after which in 1S and 2S is added an e as in the dative, e.g. 1S ††logauneng: 2S ††logaunend: 3S ††logaund: 1D ††logauni: 2D ††logaundi [All should be lok͔k͔a-] etc.

Comitative

GSL420: The instructive is in its inflection different in the different dialects, but common to all is that they add the instructive suffix to the suffixes for the genitive, e.g. loganese with my fox, udonese with my hand. Usually before the three first singular suffixes an e is added as a connecting vowel, but it can dialectally be omitted: udonse with my hand, udondse with your (his) hand. Those dialects [sic, concerning only N, with Nm] that form their instructive with h (or delete this), let it always be deleted in compounds with singular suffixes (and contract the syllables), e.g. logane with my fox: logandē with your (his) fox. In the dual h is preserved after i, but in the plural the contracting sounds th are changed to ss or s, e.g. loganihe with our (dual) foxes [sic, ɔ: fox]: logandihe with your (dual) foxes: loganesse (-nese) with our (plural) foxes: logandesse (logandese) with your (their) (plural) foxes.

Inessive/Elative

G97 The ablative in nnan is rare and incomplete in the possessive form, and takes, when it appears, possessive suffixes between the stem and the suffix, e.g. [Č (or MO?)] nanjandэnnàn from your sister, nanjandinnàn from your both sister. [This point is marked with a question mark.]

GSL418: In some dialects I have noticed in animate nouns a possessive locative-ablative made with the suffix nnan, which is added to genitive in the following way: 1S loganannan: 2S logandannan: 3S logandannan: 1D loganinnan: 2D logandinnan: 3D logandinnan: 1P loganennan (for *loganetnan): 2P logadennan [sic] (for logadetnan [sic]): 3P logadennan [sic]. [Note: In the original grammars, paradigms of the possessive inessive/elative are common.]

Allative

GSL419: Maybe there are in the dialects also some corresponding forms for the dative by animates [allative], but my notes give no information concerning this. [Note: Possessive forms of the allative postposition ni Castrén has attested only in the Ob texts, of the postposition kī(ni) however in Taz and Karasino].

Dual

G96 The dual never appears in the possessive inflection.

GSL426: The dual I have not attested in the possessive declension.

Plural

G96 In the plural character ni, which appears in the lower dialect [N], iis only an auxiliary vowel, and n has developed through the usual transformation from the plural marker t. [Note: False conclusion, as Castrén later found out (see GSL below): i is the suffix, the n is a hiatus breaker used by some idioms only.]

GSL426: The plural has two markers. Most dialects take as in the absolute form the marker la [collective suffix in Ob, MO, Č, K, NP]. This alternates [sic] in some dialects [only N] with ni, which seems to have developed from the suffix t (n) which sometimes appears in the absolute plural [sic]. In one subdialect [“dialekt-brytning”, obviously meaning Nm] I have also noticed the marker i, e.g. loga fox: plural logaim my foxes, mat tent: matim my tents. Before this is sometimes heard, if a vowel precedes, a j: logajim my foxes. It is possible that the aforementioned ni has developed from this j.

First declension [vowel stems]

The first class [fixed vowel stems]

As in the absolute, also in the possessive declension nouns in a show the most regular inflection, which is the same in animate and inanimate nouns, e.g.

[G92, the whole paradigm rewritten on G93]

logà fox

Nominative

Singular

1S logàu (-p, -m) (Č logau) 2S loǥàl 3S logàt (-d, -dэ)
1D logàwi (Č logaùi) 2D logàli 3D logàdi
1P logàut 2P logàlэt (-lt) 3P logàdэt (Č, OO logadэ̀t [sic])

OO:

1D logauì 2D logalì 3D logadì

(In GSL429 are added TD forms logamen, logalen, logaden)

Plural [collective, OO]

1S logalàu (Č logalou) 2S logalàl 3S logalàt (-d, -dэ)
1D logalàwi (Č logalaui) 2D logalàli 3D logalàdi
1P logalàut 2P logalàlэt (-lt) (OO logalalềt [sic]) 3P logalàdэt

OO:

1D logalaùi 2D logalalì 3D logaladì

or: [plural, N]

1S loganìm 2S loganìl 3S loganìd (G93 loganìt)
1D loganìwi 2D loganìli 3D loganìdi
1P loganìut 2P loganìlэt (-lt) 3P loganìdэt

(GSL429 also: logaim, logajim etc.)

Genitive

1S logàn (G93 logànn) (loganna) 2S logànd 3S logànd
1D loganni (logani) 2D logàndi 3D logàndi
1P loganэt (G93 -nn-) (-nt) (Č loga(n)nöt) 2P logàndэt 3P logàndэt

OO:

1D loganì 2D logandjì 3D logandjì

Plural [collective, OO]

1S logalàn(n) (logalanna) 2S logalànd 3S logalànd
1D logalàni (-nni) 2D logalàndi 3D logalàndi
1P logalanэt (-nt) 2P logalàndэt 3P logalàndэt

OO:

1D logalanì 2D logalandjì

or: [plural, N]

1S loganìn (-nn?) (GSL430 loganinn (logain, logajin)) 2S loganìnd 3S loganìnd
1D loganìni 2D loganìndi 3D loganìndi
1P loganìnэt (-nt) 2P loganìndэt 3P loganìndэt

Accusative

[only in GSL430. First-person forms are nominative]

1S logau 2S logamd 3S logamd
1D logawi 2D logamdi 3D logamdi
1P logaut 2P logamdet 3P logamdet

Plural [collective]

1S logalau 2S logalamd 3S logalamd
1D logalami [sic, real accusative] 2D logalamdi 3D logalamdi
1P logalaut 2P logalamdet 3P logalamdet

Plural [plural]

1S loganim (logaim, logajim etc.) 2S loganimd 3D loganimd etc.

Dative, ablative and locative

G94

1S ††logáǥanek (††-ng) (loǥáǥek (logaǥèng)) 2S ††loǥáǥanend 3S logágand
1D loǥáǥani 2D logágandi 3S loǥágandi
1P logáǥanэt (-nt) 2P loǥáǥandэt 3P loǥágandэt

OO:

1S logaǥèng 2S -gènd
1D -ganì (logagenì) 2D -gandì (-gendji)

NB. Only the shortened form. [The long form is K endings, but they should have the stem lok͔k͔a-]

GSL430 [note -ae-:]

1S logagaek (††logaganeng, logagaeng, logagang, logagek) 2S logagaend (††logaganend) 3S logagand

Plural [collective, OO and K endings]

1S ††logaláganèk (-ng) 2S ††logaláganènd 3S logalágand
1D logaláganì 2D logalágandì 3D logalágandì
1P logaláganэt (-nt) 2P logalágandэt 3P id.

GSL430 [note -ae-:]

1S ††logalagaek (††logalaganeng, logalagang, ††logalagek) 2S logalagaend 3S logalagand

or: [plural, N]

1S loganiǥèk (-ng) 2S loganígènd 3S id.
1D loganíegani 2D loganíegandi 3D id.
1P loganíeganэt 2P loganíegandэt 3P id.

[Note: it is not possible to determine on which letter the accent lies: -íe- or -ié-]

GSL430 [note -ae-:]

1S loganiagaek 2S loganiagaend 3S loganiagand

Prosecutive

1S ††logaunèk (††-ng) 2S ††logaunènd 3S logaund
1D logaùni (OO logalaunì [sic]) 2D logàundi (OO -ndjì) 3S logàundi
1P logaunэt 2P logaundэt 3P logaundэt

or: [N]

1S loǥavèk 2S logavènd 3S logàund etc.

Plural [collective, K endings]

1S ††logalauneng 2S ††logalaunend 3S logalaund
1D logalauni 2S logalaundi 3D id.
1P logalaunэt 2S logalaundэt

or [Č]:

1S logalawèng 2S logalawènd 3S logalaund

or: [plural, N]

1S loganiwèk 2S loganíwènd 3S (loganivend changed to absolute loganiut, GSL430 loganiund)
1D loganiuni 2D loganíundi 3D id.
1P loganíunэt 2P loganiundэt 3P id.

Instructive [comitative]

[N]

1S logané 2S logandé 3S -nd‹é›

[replaced with Č:]

1S loganesé (K lokkanзé) 2S logandesé (K lokkandese) 3S logandesé
1D loganisé ([N] loganihé) 2D logandisé ([N] loganidihé [sic]) 3D logandise
1P loganesse 2S logandessé 3P id.

Plural [collective, Č]

1S logalanesé 2S logalandesé 3S id.
1D logalanisé 2D logalandisé 3D id.
1P logalanesʃé 2P -ndesʃé 3P id. (NB. -ss-)

or: [plural, N]

1S loganiné 2S loganindé 3S id.
1D ††loganinisé 2S ††loganindisé
1P loganinesʃe 2P -desʃe

G96 NB. In these paradigms no dialect has exclusively been followed, but all dialects have been consulted, and the most regular in each case has been used.

After the given pattern are inflected all other nouns in an accented stem vowel.

Those in o and u do not change in their inflection, e.g. tulgo chest [written ‘gun’]: 1S ††tulgòu: 2S tulgol: 1D tulgowi, tu lake: ††tu’u: tul, ewegu step mother: ††ewegu’u (ewegup, ewegum): ewegul: eweguwi: 1P ewegu’ut.

Nouns in e [deleted: ê], i [deleted: î], y lengthen these vowels in the dative (ablative, locative) singular, like in the absolute declension, to ea (êa), ia [deleted: îa], yo, e.g. tylde gun: dative ††tyldeaganek or tyldeaǥek: plural tyldeniagek, i son: iaǥek: iniaǥek etc. (The lengthening of i to ia appears also in the plural in ni). In nouns in î the final vowel is changed to э (e, ê) throughout the whole inflection, e.g. kî river: nominative kêm, kêu: kêl: kêt: kêwi: genitive kên: kênd: dative kêaǥek etc. (OO pêu my night). Dialectally is heard also OO lîu or lêu: lîl (lêl) from lî bone (as well as in all other cases, as also the possessive nominative and genitive first and second person).

After a vowel î is dialectally changed to o in accented syllables and take a v is inserted between the two vowels: [OO?] taî [summer]: tawou, [N] paî [knife]: 1S paop ([K?] 1S pau: 2S pal: 1D pavi).

[OO?]

1S tavu 2S tawol 3S taîd
1D tawui 2D tau’uli
1P tawut

The second class [schwa stems]

G99 Nouns that end on an unaccented vowel, which dialectally is completely omitted, take according to the hard or weak property of the stem vowel before the suffix in accented syllables o or e (ea), in unaccented syllables the same origin final vowel, which due to its obscurity and other properties has been denoted with э. In the dative (ablative, locative) and prosecutive the accented vowel of the nominal stem (o, e, ea) is preserved through the whole possessive inflection. But the other cases – the nominative, genitive, (accusative) and instructive – accent in the possessive form only the first and second person singular and take only in these the connecting vowel o or e. [Deleted, unfinished and hardly readable portions seem to have originally meant to say that the shift stem can appear also in the 1D, 1P, as in the example paradigms]

With this exception observed, the nouns of this class are declined exactly as the first class. For a better overview ‹here is given paradigms› with a hard and a weak stem.

ud hand

Nominative

1S udòu 2S udòl 3S údэt
1D udòwi (GSL432 udowi (udewi)) 2D údêlì 3S údэdì
1P udóut 2P údэlэt (-êt) 3P udэdэt

[Č:]

1D udoùi 2D údêlì 3D údêdì
2P údêlttä, údэlэt (-êt)

G100

Plural [collective, Č]

1S údэlàu 2S udêlàl 3S udêlàd (GSL432 udelat) etc.
1D OO udэlaùi 2D OO údêlalì

or [plural, N]

1S udonim 2S udonil 3S udonid or udэnid etc.

Genitive

1S udòn (udonna͑) 2S udònd 3S údэnd
1D udóni (udenì) 2D údэndi 3D údэndi
1P udónэt 2P údэndэt 3P udэndэt

Plural

1S udêlàn or udэnin (GSL432: 2S udeland, udonind 3S udeland, udonind etc.)

Accusative

1S udou 2S udomd 3S udэmd
1D udowi 2D udэmdi 3D udэmdi
1P udout 2P udэmdэt 3P id.

Plural

1S udэlau or udэnim (deleted: 2S udэlamd) etc.

Dative

1S ††udóganèk, udógek 2S ††udóganènd, udogend 3S udógand
1D udogani 2D udógandi etc.

Plural

1S ††udэlaganek, ††udэlagek or udэniágek?

GSL433 [note -ae-:]

1S udōgaek 2S udōgaend 3S udōgand
1D udōgani 2D udōgandi 3D udōgandi
1P udoganet 2P udogandet 3P udogandet

Plural [collective]

1S ††udolagaek 2S udolagaend 3S udolagand

Plural [plural]

1S udoniagaek 2S udoniagaend 3S udoniagand

Prosecutive

1S ††udouneng, udoweng 2S ††udounend, udowend 3S udound
1D udouni 2D udoundi etc.

Plural

1S ††udolauneng, udolaweng 2S ††udolaunend, udolawend 3S udolaund or udoniweng
1D udolauni 2D udolaundi etc.

GSL433:

1S udeniwek 2S udeniwend 3S udeniund

Instructive [comitative]

1S udonesé 2S udondesé 3S udêndesé or udêntsé
1D udonisé 2D udэndise etc.

Plural

1S udêlanese or udoniné

G101 kynd (č-) horse

Nominative

1S kyndèu (č-) 2S kyndèl 3S kýndet
1D kyndéwi 2D kýndэli 3D kýndэdi
1P kyndéut 2P kýndэlt (-lэt) 3P kýndэdэt

Plural

1S ††čyndэlàu or čyndenìm

Genitive

1S čyndèn 2S ††cyndend

[This paradigm is abandoned (due to the different initial in N and Č), and replaced with:]

teb man

Nominative

1S tebèu 2S tebèl 3S tébэt
1D tebèwi 2D tebэli 3D tébэdi
1P tebéut 2P tebэlэt 3P tebэdet

OO:

1D tébэwì 2D tébelì

NP:

2D pitteli [nest]
2P pittelät

Plural

1S tebэlau or tébэnim (††-u)

Genitive

1S tebèn 2S tebènd 3S tébend
1D tebéni 2D tébэndi 3D tébэndi
1P tebénêt 2P tébэndэt 3P id.

OO:

1S tebenna
1D tébení

Plural

1S tebelàn or tebenìn

Accusative

1S tebèu 2S tebèmd 3S tébэnd
1D tebéwi 2D tebэmdì
1P tebéut 2P tebэmdэt

Plural

1S tebelau or tebэnim

Dative

1S ††tebéaganèk or tebéagek

Plural

1S ††tebeláǥanèk or tebэníegek

Prosecutive

G102

1S ††tebeuneng, tebeweng 2S ††tebeunend, tebewend 3S tebeund
1D tebeuni

Plural

1S ††tebelaunek, -laweng or tebeniwek

Instructive [comitative]

1S tebenesé or tebené 2S (deleted: tebendesé)

Plural

1S tebelanesé or tebeniné

[In GSL434 the example word has been changed to ētə ‘village’:]

ēd tent [false translation of юрты ‘native village’]

Nominative

1S ēdeu 2S ēdel 3S ēdet
1D ēdewi 2D ēdeli 3D ēdedi
1P ēdeut 2P ēdelet 3P ēdedet

Plural [collective]

1S ēdelau 2S ēdelal 3S ēdelat

Plural [plural]

1S ēdenim 2S ēdenil 3S ēdenit

Genitive

1S ēden 2S ēdend 3S ēdend
1D ēdeni 2D ēdendi 3D ēdendi
1P ēdenet 2P ēdendet 3P ēdendet

Plural [collective]

1S ēdelan 2S ēdeland 3S edēnand [sic]

Plural [plural]

1S ēdenim 2S ēdenind 3S ēdenind

Accusative

1S ēdeu 2S ēdemd 3S ēdemd
1D ēdewi 2D ēdemdi 3D ēdemdi
1P ēdeut 2P ēdemdet 3P ēdemdet

Plural [collective]

1S ēdelau 2S ēdelamd 3S edelamd etc.

Plural [plural]

1S ēdenim 2S ēdenimd 3S ēdenimd etc.

Dative, locative, ablative

GSL435

1S ēdeagaek (-gek) 2S ēdeagaend 3S ēdeagand
1D ēdeagani 2D ēdeagandi 3D ēdeagandi
1P ēdeaganet 2P ēdeagandet 3P ēdeagandet

Plural [collective]

1S ēdelagaek 2S ēdelagaend 3S ēdelagand

Plural [plural]

1S ēdeniagaek 2S ēdeniagaend 3S ēdeniagand

Prosecutive

1S ēdewek 2S ēdewend 3S ēdeund
1D ēdeuni 2D ēdeundi 3D ēdeundi
1P ēdeunet 2P ēdeundet 3P ēdeundet

Plural [collective]

1S ††ēdelawek 2S ēdelawend 3S ēdelawend [sic, ɔ: -laund] etc.

Plural [plural]

1S ēdeniwek 2S ēdeniwend 3S ēdeniwend [sic, ɔ: -niund]

Instructive [comitative]

1S ēdenese 2S ēdendese 3S ēdendese
1D ēdenise 2D ēdendise 3D ēdendise
1P ēdenesse 2P ēdendesse 3P ēdendesʃe

Plural [collective]

1S ēdelanese 2S ēdelandese 3S ēdelandese

Plural [plural]

1S ēdenine 2S ēdeninde 3S edeninde etc.

The given examples are monosyllabic accentless words, which however were originally disyllabic with the accent on the first syllable, as is still the case dialectally, e.g. Č útö, K úttэ, Č tebä, K típpa. These words that in the Ob dialect [N] have become monosyllabic, but keep their accent on the stem, can in the possessive form take a double accent: the first (tonicus) on the stem, the other (euphonicus) on the suffix, e.g. tóbòu, tóbol [ɔ: tóbòl]: tóbed. However can tonicus be omitted if the suffix is accentuated, e.g. tobòu: tobòl: tóbed. In the Ket dialect the stem accent is not valid (‘gäller ej stammens accent’) if the suffix is accentuated, and therefore the weak [sic] consonants are doubled here when the following syllable has the accent, e.g. [deleted examples: toppòu: toppòl: tóbэt: genitive toppón: toppònd: tóbэnd.]

G103 э́d [sic] village

1S êttòu 2S êttól 3S ê´det
1D êdewi [deleted: (éttowi)] 2D édeli etc.

Genitive

1S êttòn 2S ettònd 3S édend
1D édeni 2D édendi etc.

As the paradigm shows, the accent is in the whole dual drawn back onto the stem, but the character letter is at least in the nominative doubled, e.g.

1S noppòu [glove] 2S noppòl 3S nóbэt
1D noppэvì 2D noppэlì 3D noppэdì

In this case probably the final syllable is accented and acts backwards on the first, similarly as in the nominative plural, e.g. noppэlà: Px1S noppэlàu.

GSL424 In the Ket dialect doubling and hardening of the consonant appears always in the nominative, genitive, accusative and instructive before first and second singular person suffixes, usually also before first person dual and plural, e.g. ut hand:

1S uttou 2S uttol 3S udet
1D uttowi (††udeui) 2D ††udeli 3D ††udedi
1P uttout 2P ††udelet 3P ††udedet

genitive

1S utton 2S uttond 3S udond‹a›
1D uttoni (††udeni) 2D udendi etc.

G103 In the Čulym dialect, which always preserves the final vowel of the stem, the possessive forms act the same way as the absolute (however, with vowel changes that are hard to determine).

The accent is, like in the first ‹person?›, drawn to the final syllable because of this [?], e.g. first person dual and plural genitive údênì for *udéni.

G104 Nouns in l and n that belong to this declension are declined like the others. The connecting vowel is however often omitted in the unaccented 3S and nominative plural, e.g. kuelòu [fish]: kuelòl: kuelt: plural 1S kuellau, [deleted: cän sinew: 3S cänd], kesen snare [consonant stem]: kesendä: plural kesellau.

Nouns in nd change as in the absolute form preferably nd to nn, e.g. [deleted: [dative] cynnend for [allative] ††cyndeni [horse]] and, Č andše boat: genitive 1S andòn: 2S [K] andond, ††andšond or annond: 2D [K] ándendi, ††andšendi or annendi.

What else can be said about sound changes can be concluded from the preceding.

[G97, under fixed vowel stems:] Most divergent in the possessive declension are nouns in i and u with a preceding vowel [= -jə, -wə]. These change in the first- and second-person singular nominative and genitive i and u to j and w, respectively, and take a connecting vowel G98 like nouns of the second class, e.g. [N] hai eye: 1S ††hajòu: 2S hajol: 3S hait: 1D haiwi: 2D haili etc. Genitive hajon: hajond, [Č or K!] saind: saini: saindi etc.: dative [N!] ††hajóganeng or hajogeng [deleted: prosecutive ††hajouneng] etc. Similarly: [K] tiu tooth: tiwèu: tiwel: tivet: tiuvi: genitive tiwen: tiwend: tiund: tiuni: tiundi: dative tiweaganeng.

Due to the forward shift of the accent the stem vowel becomes sometimes changed according to common rules [sic], e.g. au mother: 1S eweu: ewel: aut. [Note: This is no “common rule” but an irregularity only in the words e̮mə: emä- ‘mother’ and e̮sə: esä- ‘father’]

Second declension [consonant stems]

The first class [stems in p, m, t, k͔, k, ŋ]

G105 The hard consonant with which nouns ends in this class, and which in the absolute form sometimes is omitted, is preserved through the whole possessive declension (‹with the exception of the plural nominative›), but is often weakened before the suffix.

As according to the rules nouns of the second declension add the suffixes without taking a connecting vowel, when hard and weak consonants meet either of them must be changed. Now, this transformation is in different dialects very diversified: some prefer hard, others weak suffixes. The general rule is that the final consonant of the stem becomes weakened before liquids, but before muta it is hardened.

As the suffix k likes to alternate with ng, often enters the (liquid) possessive suffix, the latter instead of the former (although the former sometimes is preserved). As here often three consonants will collide, the first n will be omitted. There are even dialect branches where this letter disappears through the whole inflection, and in the following paradigm such a dialect is the basis for the inflection for the sake of clarity.

G106 kanak dog

1S kanàgm (kanangm, [deleted: ††kanakm?] 2S kanàgl 3S (kanakt?) (GSL436: kanakt (kanangd))
1D kanàgmi (kanangmi) 2D kanàgli 3D (kanakti) (GSL436: kanakti (kanangdi))
1P kanàgmêt (kanangmet) 2P kanàglêt 3P (kanaktêt) (GSL436: kanaktet (kanangdet))

[For all third person forms is also given absolute kanak]

OO:

2S kanagl 3S kanangd
1D kanagmì 2D kanaglì 3D kanangdi
1P kánagmut 2P kanaglet

Plural

1S kanaglau (kanalau, ††kananglau) or kanagnim

Genitive

1S kanagn (-ngn‹a›, kanangn) 2S kanakt (GSL436: also kanangd) 3S (kanakt?) (kanangd)
1D kanagni (-ngni) 2D kanakti (kanangdi) 3D (kanakti?)
1P kanagnêt (kanangnêt, kanangt) 2P kanakt‹e›t (kanangdêt) 3P (kanaktet?)

[For all third person forms are also given the absolute kanan]

OO: 1P? kanangt, [both written under 2P:] kanag‹t›tä, kanangdэt

Plural

1S kanaglan (kanalan) or kanagnin (GSL436: kanaglan (kananglan etc.), kanagnin (kanain))

Accusative

[only in GSL437]

1S kanagm 2S kanakt 3S kanakt etc.

[As plural is written kanagm]

Dative

1S ††kanaǥanek (-ng) ? or ††kanaǥèk (-ng) or kanak͔ek

Plural

1S ††kanaglaǥaneng (††-k) (kanaglaǥeng) or kanagnieǥek

[GSL437:]

1S kanakaek (††kanagaeng, ††kanaganeng etc.) 2S kanakaend 3S kanakand
1D kanakani 2D kanakandi 3D kanakandi
1P kanakanet 2P kanakandet 3P kanakandet

Plural [collective]

1S kanaglagaek (††kananglagaeng, ††kananglaganeng etc.) 2S kanaglagaend 3S kanaglagand etc.

Plural [plural]

1S kanagniagaek 2S kanagniagaend 3S kanagniagand etc.

Prosecutive

1S kanagmek (kanangmeng) (-menek) 2S kanagmend (kana‹n›gmend etc.) (-gmenend) 3S [empty]
1D kanagmeni 2D kanagmendi 3D [empty]
1P kanagmenэt (-nt) 2P kanagmendet 3P [empty]

[The empty third person column probably means the same spelling as the second person (but with e here denoting schwa), GSL437: kanagmend: kanagmendi: kanagmendet]

Plural

1S ††kanaglaunek (††-ng) (-laweng) (††kananglauneng) or kanagniwek

Instructive [comitative]

G107

1S kanagnesé (-hé), kanagné 2S kanagdesé, kanakté 3S id.
1D kanagnise 2D kanagdise
1P -gnessé 2P -gdesse

[This paradigm is deleted and replaced with:]

1S kanagnese or kanagné, kanagnesé 2S kanaktese, kanakté, kanangdese
1D kanagnisé (kanagnihe or kanangnisé) 2D kanaktise (kanaktihé, kanangdisé)
1P kanagnessé (kanagnihé [sic, -i-]) 2P kanagdesʃé (kanangdisé [sic, -i-])

[In GSL437 appear also second and third person forms TD kanaktese: kanaktise: kanaktesʃe]

Plural

1S kanaglanesé? or kanagniné etc.

Similarly are declined nouns in k͔, which before ‹liquid›ae change k to ǥ? [large question mark], e.g. [N] hok͔ cape: nominative 1S hoǥm: 2S hogl, [K] pussak͔ bowl: pussagm (-ngm): pussagl. Probably also in these k͔ can be preserved, but the declension is still after the second declension, e.g. pusak͔m: pusak͔l: genitive pusak͔n: pusak͔t etc.

Nouns in p (m) always weaken before liquids their final consonant either to m before m, n, or to b before l. If a muta follows, then as in nouns in k (ng), hard and weak suffixes alternate. The paradigms below display more closely these transformations.

Nominative

G108

1S nomm [God] 2S nobl 3S (nopt) (nomd)
1D nommi 2D nobli 3D (nopti?) (nomdi)
1P nommэt 2P noblэt 3P (noptэt?) (nomd‹эt›)

OO:

2S loml 3S lomdэ
2D lomli
2P loml‹э̀›t

[GSL438 also second-person noml: nomli: nomlet]

Plural

1S núlàu or nomnin [sic, ɔ: nomnim] (GSL438: nomnim (††numim etc.): nomnil: nomnit)

Genitive

1S nomn 2S nopt (nomd) 3S (nopt?)
1D nomni 2D nopti (nomdi) 3D (nopti?)
1P nomnэt 2P noptэt 3P noptэt

[GSL438 also second and third person nomd: nomdi (for *nomndi): nomdet (for *nomndet)]

Plural

1S nuulan or nomnin

Accusative

[only in GSL438]

1S nomm 2S nopt 3S nopt etc.

Plural [collective]

1S nūlan [sic] 2S nūlamd 3S nūlamd etc.

Plural [plural]

1S nomnim 2S nomnimd 3S nomnimd

Dative

1S ††nomǥanek (-ng), nomǥeng or nopk͔ek

Plural

1S nuulageng or nomniǥek?

GSL438:

1S nomgaek (nopkaek, nomganeng etc.) 2S nomgaend 3S nomgand etc.

Plural [collective]

1S ††nūlagaek 2S nulagaend 3S nūlagand

Plural [plural]

1S nomniagaek 2S nomniagaend 3S nomniagand

Prosecutive

1S nommeng, nommeneng (††-k) 2S nommend (-nend) 3S nommend

[Plural only in GSL438:]

Plural [collective]

1S ††nūlawek 2S nūlawend 3S nulawund etc.

Plural [plural]

1S nomniwek 2S nomnivend 3S nomniund

Instructive [comitative]

1S nomnesé, nomné 2S ††noptesé, nopté

GSL438:

1S nomnese 2S noptese 3S noptese
1D nomnise 2D noptise 3D noptise
1P nomnesse 2P noptesse 3P noptesse

Plural [collective]

1S nulanese 2S nūlandese 3S nūlandese etc.

Plural [plural]

1S nomninē 2S nomnindē 3S nomnindē etc.

G109 Nouns in t change according to the rules the final consonant before m and n to n, and before l to l. In the genitive it can however dialectally remain unchanged, and the Čulym dialect preserves t through the whole inflection. Also in other dialects t is always kept changed [sic] before mutae, which then become tenues, e.g.

mat house

Nominative

1S manm (Č muatm) 2S mall (Č muatl etc.) 3S mat (Č muattэ) (GSL440 matt)
1D manmi 2D malli 3D — (GSL440 matti)
1P manmэt (Č muatmut) 2P mallэt 3P — (GSL440 mattet)

Plural

1S madlau or mannim (GSL440 also matim etc.)

Genitive

1S [N] mann ([K] matn, [Č] muatn) 2S matt (3S absolute mat) (GSL440 matt)
1D manni (matni, muatni) 2S matti 3D — (GSL440 matti)
1P mannэt (matnet, muatnet) 2P mattэt 3P — (GSL440 mattet)

Plural

1S madlan or mannin (GSL440 also matin etc.)

Accusative

[only in GSL440]

1S manm 2S matt 3S matt etc.

Plural [collective]

1S madlau 2S madlamd 3S madlamd

Plural [plural]

1S mannim 2S mannimd 3S mannimd

Dative

1S matk͔aneng (††-k) or matk͔eng (-k)

Plural

1S madlaǥaneng (-ǥeng) or manniǥek

GSL440:

1S matkaek (matkaneng etc.) 2S matkaend 3S matkand etc.

Plural [collective]

1S ††madlagaek 2S madlagaend 3S madlagand

Plural [plural]

1S manniagaek (-igaek) 2S manniagaend (-igaend) 3S manniagand

Prosecutive

1S ††manmenek (-ng) or manmek (-ng) (Č ††muatmek)

Plural

1S madlauneng (-wek) or manniwek

GSL441:

1S manmek (††manmenek) 2S manmend 3S manmend etc.

Plural [collective]

1S ††madlawek 2S madlawend 3S madlaund

Plural [plural]

1S manniwek 2S manniwend 3S manniund etc.

Instructive [comitative]

1S mannese, manne 2S mattese, matte etc.

GSL441:

1S mannese 2S mattese 3S mattese etc.

Plural [collective]

1S madlanese 2S madlandese 3S madlandese

Plural [plural]

1S manninē 2S mannindē 3S mannindē etc.

The second class [stems in r, l, j, s, ś, n]

G110 Nouns in r are declined fully regularly after the pattern. The stem remains completely unchanged, the suffix is hardened in the end, but weakened word internally, e.g.

hîr cow

Nominative

1S hîrm 2S hîrl 3S hîrt
1D hîrmi 2D hîrli 3D hîrti
1P hîrmêt (OO -mut) 2P hîrlêt 3P (GSL441 hыrtet)

[The third person forms have been changed to absolute hîr]

Plural

1S ††hîrlau or hîrním

Genitive

1S hîrn (prop. hîr‹nn›) 2S hîrt (prop. hîrtt) 3S —
1D hîrni 2D hîrti (hîrtt) 3D —
1P hîrnэt 2P hîrtэt (hîrttэt) 3P —

[It is not clear whether the stroke should mean that the third-person forms are identical with the second person or whether they are missing, GSL441 hыrt: hыrti: hыrtet]

Plural

1S ††hîrlan or hirnin

Accusative

[only in GSL442]

1S hыrm 2S hыrt 3S hыrt
1D hыrmi 2D hыrti 3D hыrti
1P hыrmet 2P hыrtet 3P hыrtet

Plural [collective]

1S ††hыrlau 2S ††hыrlamd etc.

Plural [plural]

1S hыrnim 2D hыrnimd etc.

Dative

1S ††hîrǥaneng (††-k), hîrǥeng (-k) or hîrgaek

GSL442:

1S hыrgaek (††hыrganeng) 2S hыrgaend 3S hыrgand

Plural [collective]

1S ††hыrlagaek 2S ††hыrlagaend 3S ††hыrlagand

Plural [plural]

1S hыrniagaek (-ni-?)

Prosecutive

1S ††hîrmeneng (††-k) or hirmeng (-k)

GSL442:

1S hыrmek (††hыrmeneng) 2S hыrmend 3S hыrmend

Plural [collective]

1S ††hыrlawek 2S ††hыrlavend 3S ††hыrlaund

Plural [plural]

1S hыrniwek 2S hыrniwend 3S hыrniund

Instructive [comitative]

G111

1S ††hîrnesé or hîrné 2S ††hirtesé (††hirttesé), hirté (hirtte) etc.

GSL442:

1S ††hыrnese 2S ††hыrtese 3S ††hыrtese etc.

Plural [collective]

1S ††hыrlanese 2S ††hыrlandese 3S ††hыrlandese

Plural [plural]

1S hыrninē 2S hыrninde 3S hыrnindē etc.

Nouns in l of the second declension are inflected like the previous in all cases except for the genitive, which instead of t after l takes the sibilant dš ([K] ds), e.g.

kêl pit

Genitive

1S kêln 2S kêldš or kêlds 3S —
1D kêlni 2D kêldši or kêldsi 3D —
1P kêlnэt 2D kêldšэt or kêldsэt 3P —

When in the other cases t or ds should follow l, usually only a media d is heard, e.g. instructive 1S kêlnesé or kêlné: 2S kêldesé (-hé) or kelde: 2D keldisé (-hé) etc. [sic, as in the original grammars, see paradigms]

G112 Nouns in lj (j) have the peculiarity that, according to the rules [the letter] j before l, n, d, t becomes reversed [i.e. j+l > lj etc.], whereby a double ll before j is usually simplified, and dj is transformed to dš. Otherwise the inflection is regular, although in some dialects divergent, e.g.

aolj chin (N.O [(meaning Lower Ob?) = N])

1S aoljm 2S aolj or aollj 3S —
1D aoljmi 2D aolji or aollji 3D —
1P aoljmet 2P aoljet or aolljet 3P —

[OO? (lacking in the original grammars)]

1S aojm(‹u›) 2S aoil 3S —
1D aoimi 2S aoili

Genitive

1S aoljn 2S aoldš (-ljdš) etc.
1D -ljni 2D -ldji

[OO? (lacking in the original grammars)]

1S aoin 2S aotj

K njai bread

Nominative

1S njaim 2S njalj 3S —
1D njaimi 2D njalji 3D —
1P njaimэt 2P njaljet 3P —

Genitive

1S njanj 2S njaldj (Č njattje) 3S —
1D njani [sic] 2D njaldji (Č njattji)

OO?:

1S njain (njaen) 2S njatj
1D njaini 2D njatji
1P njainêt 2P njatjet

G113 Nouns in n belonging to this declension are distinguished by always taking the weak suffix d, which sometimes transforms into dš, e.g. cesen shoe strap: genitive 1S cesenn: 2S cesend, onek [my] own: 2S onend or onendš: 3S ond or ondš.

That in the second person nominative possessive suffix -nl- easily changes to -ll- is clear from all rules, e.g. 2S kesell [snare] for *kesenl: 2D keselli for *kesenli etc.

The hard ending s, š requires hard possessive suffixes, e.g. coš tallow: genitive cošt of your tallow, tjapkos fox trap: genitive [2S] -st. However can s also transform to з and take weak suffixes, e.g. K tjos tallow: genitive tjoзnd [sic, false].