HomePublicationsManuscripta Castreniana Ostiak-SamoiedicaDerivation

Derivation

Contents

Editor’s introduction

This section contains such derivations that Castrén explicitly comments on (usually only by a list of examples). Other occurrences of these derivations are not collected here, only found in the vocabulary.

Text in black is Castrén’s (original or translated into English, sometimes both, separated by a slash), text in grey is the editor’s.

G86 The amount of derived nouns is in Samoyedic quite small. The most concrete nouns are stem words, and to form abstract nouns the people lack sufficient culture.

The most common derivation suffixes for nouns are:

1. Diminutives, suffixes ka (ga, kka).

2. The suffix da (t, d‹a͑›) which sometimes forms abstract nouns, but properly belongs to the third person possessive suffix.

3. The suffix s‹a͑›n, sen in the Čulym dialect, that expresses means, tools.

Denominal derivations

Diminutives ka & kka

[Further found in the vocabulary, unlabelled.]

Čulym

(lŏǥà:) logagá liten räv, (poa knife:) poaga, (koča sack:) kočagá, (saanà:) saanaga игрушка / toy 284

muakka or muatka, liemga, konga, udaga, tobaga, poaga, olga 64

(kyndö horse:) kyndäká fåle, (niteng girl:) nideka 284

Ket

-kka diminutive: njúnjokka liten 66

(lem board:) leukka, (maat house:) njuunjokka maakka избушка, (njai bread:) njaikka, (kong chief:) kokka, (nitteng girl:) nittekka, (toppa foot:) tobêkka, (utta hand:) udêkka, (pa knife:) pakka, (ol head:) olkka, [*ycce:] ycekka small child 64

Diminutive śal [?]

Narym

Diminutive: (logá:) logašal, (tob:) tobošal, (ol:) ološal 89

Adjective ľ

[Further found in the vocabulary]

Narym

(njaj:) njail-laga piece of bread, (wač:) wadšel-laga [piece of meat], hîrl-li cow bone, čyndel-li horse bone 159, (kup:) kul-lî human bone, njabal-li [duck bone], twegel-li goose bone, čengel-li swan bone, kanal-li dog bone 160, šidšel-laga piece of coal, cöndel-wat horse road 160

OO

ujei slät, hal / smooth, slippery: ujei ulgo slippery ice, ujes‿sîr slippery snow, ujel‿liem slippery board, ujei pask͔a [slippery floor], ujei kuel [slippery fish], [uje]i koob [smooth skin]. NB: ujei tuetta = ujel‿duettä [slippery place], ujel‿djaaba [smooth leaf], ujei čän = ujel‿dšän [smooth sinew] 285

Ket

NB. The ending -i (-e) (= -l) for adjectives: (kyyndi быстрый / rapid [being the aorist participle]), avoi худой / bad. NB. -i (= -l) is originally -lj (cfr. njaai etc.). njari or njarel‿čueč болотистое место / swampy ground, (čuu бор:) čuul‿čueč боровое место [ɔ: muddy ground] 66.

Possessive adjective səməľ

[Further found in the vocabulary, with the label “possessive adjective”.]

Čulym

oamdesi sir рогатый скот / horned cattle, pyysyl‿ or pysy tuettä stenigt ställe / stony place, kuelsi to [lake rich in fish], poosý or -syl‿tuetta [land rich in trees] etc. 296.

Ket

aamdese sir рогатый скотина / horned cattle, lit. с рогами / with horns, pyysi or pyysel‿čueč каменистое место / stony ground, lit. с камнем / with stones, kuelʃi to рыбное озеро / lake rich in fish, poosi or poosel‿čueč лесовое место / wooded place 66

NP

k͔uelэsul‿to (or -sui to) [lake rich in fish] 296

Local adjective k͔əľ

[Further found in the vocabulary with the label “local adjective”.]

Ob

-ge local ending: kaige [being] from which side, (kare под горой / down to the shore:) karege͑ подгородный [sic] / being on the shore 66, k͔areǥî подгорный 439

Čulym

kuačógai городский / of the town, iedögoi-gum деревенский / person of the village, kundókai-g[um] дальный / far, tatjakkai k[um] близний / near 296

NP

kîrráǥê деревенский / of the Russian village, kundók͔k͔ề far 296

Caritive adjective kətəľ

[Further found in the vocabulary with the label “caritive adjective”.]

Narym

haigedal g[om] blind person 48, órmgê̆dal weak Wa350, tobogedal хромой / lame Wa418, augedal [= k͔ueštal hungry] Wa383, ondaka͑da͑l beardless 42, olgêdal headless Wa351, tänägedál = tängedal stupid Wa421, nepkadal = nemgadal nameless 147, k͔ôgadal deaf Wa378, lêgedal boneless Wa387

MO

seigedi, -de gum 281, ormgede-g[um] weak person Wa350, Wb177, nemgede Wa395, kógede (-i) Wa378, lägedi boneless Wa387

Čulym

seigedi ([OO] -tje) g[um] слепой / blind person, kogodi deaf (k͔uogad‹ie?› Wa378), siegedi dumb, toobagedi halt / limping 296, ormgedie (-di) Wa350, Wb177, njemgadie nameless Wa395, lîgedi Wa387

OO

toobogedje Wa418, ormgedje Wb177, njemgadje Wa395, kuogodje Wa378, lägedje Wa387

Ket

Negative adjectives have the character -ga (-ka), from -kálak 65.

-gedé / -kade: maatkade-g. houseless person, tjoskade tallowless, kueskade [halfless (?)], toppogedi lame [legless], kogedi deaf [earless], saigedi blind [eyeless], seegedi dumb [tongueless], petjegedi-g. axeless person, tjoskade tallowless 66, ormgede (-i) (gum) Wa350, teigede(-i)-g[um] Wa421, lîgedi boneless Wa387

NP

mirgedi cheap Wa382, k͔ooktie for koogadie 149, lêkkädi boneless Wa387

Eloguj

ormgedil 350, nipkitil 355, kuuketil 353, lêketil 354

Baiha

saigedil (-til) Wb192, aangdegedil (-til) dull Wb224, ormgedil Wb177, mirgedil Wb240, nimgedil Wb253, tjaabegedil leafless Wb333, kuugedil (-kedel) Wb215, legetil (-k-) Wb230

Taz

aatäketil-k[um] reindeerless person 435, koketil (-g-) deaf E442, ynguolsáketil (ynguolsa-) deaf Wb215, oorpketil Wb177, maatketil houseless 435, teneketil Wb320, nipketil nameless Wb227

Karasino

saigedel Wb192, oormgedel Wb177, mirgedel Wb240, tenegedel Wb320, legedel Wb230

On transitives and factitives

Narym

194 Effective verbs seem to have originally had the marker d, e.g. afap съел, effective afadap кормил, but usually the effective verbs take either:

a) the suffix -dšap, -tap or -ldšap

b) the marker pt

c) beside the suffix -ldšak the marker t

g) the suffix -mdšap in verbs formed from nouns

f) through the marker r and generally all active forms [?].

Factitive ččə

Taz

(šäk fire steel:) šäkečam slå upp eld med eldstål / to strike fire with a fire steel (šääkečang E466), pîngačang jag är lat / I am lazy, latattam (-ng) fånga med lata / to catch with a bow trap, tjangettam (-ng) (-c̢-) fånga med tjangos / to catch with a deadfall trap, tjak͔oaštam (-ng) fånga med tjakos / to catch with an iron trap E471.

Factitive ptə

Narym

(cfr. čänd‹á?ä?›nnap вымок / I got wet) čändáptap вым‹очил› / I wetted 194, (čändännak вымок) čändaptap 220

Taz

kyydä́ptang во сне видал / I dreamed, langaptam ropa an / I called it on, molmä́ptang залукавился, заврал / I cheated, I lied, čäkä́ptang заторопился / I hurried E466

Factitive tə

Narym

(afap съел / I ate [actually: apsə food]:) afadap кормил / I fed 220

Taz

apšetam кормил / I fed (apsetembam кормлю) E466, (pîlэ bridge:) pîletam göra bro / to make a bridge E471

Factitive k͔əl

Taz

E467 Momentanes? (marker -k͔al):

(kuedš steg / step:) kuečk͔alnang шагнул / I stepped, îpk͔alnam давил / I pressed (cfr. ipángam давлю / I press), kuesk͔alnang сдохнул / I drew breath, k͔ák͔alnam лодку правлю, заворотил / I steer, miek͔alnam строгнул / I planed (cfr. mirnam), natk͔alnam вытер / I scraped.

These have undoubtedly a k͔ (γ) in the stem, and form the usual complete form [?]. In their meaning they agree with the usual diminutives [momentanes lćə]. From this form are made, for all verbs, the forms in -dšam and -bam: kuečkalbam, -ldša.

Factitive a

Taz

E468 sangángam smaka: -ásam, îppángam давлю: -ásam, orángam имаю: -asam, kýrangam качаю, трясу, mootjangam хромаю: -áʃang, malángam гризу: -áʃam, mišángam выдергиваю, nok͔ángam пехаю, näkä́ngam тяну.

In these verbs ng (k) is either the usual insert between two vowels, or belongs to the stem, e.g. aangang зеваю, uungang плаваю, yrang: yrkang потерялся: -kesam, njongam: njotkam провожал, nätkang женился, ninkang стою [Castrén refers to the frequentative suffix kku. These words have nothing to do with the suffix a].

Factitive al

Taz

mišálnam дернул, nok͔k͔ólnam пехнул, nok͔k͔alnam id., njorpálnam вытер (cfr. njorbennam), patjálnam вырубил (все) (cfr. patjennam рубил), paarálnang воротился, panálnam спортил, molmálnang соврал, kurálnam убежал E469

Factitive ol

Taz

tjeltjólnam затоптал (cfr. tjéldjennam), tjok͔k͔ólnam запекал, поставил E469

Factitive alčə

Taz

(apt lukt / smell:) aptaldšam нанюхал / I smelled it, (njamagel mjuk / soft:) njamgaldšam uppmjuka / to soften E466

Captative j

Taz

E456, E467 From the nouns aatä, kuel etc.: aatännjang fånga renar, оленей промышляю / I hunt reindeer, kuelennjang fiska / I fish, suurunnjang I hunt, šiipannjang I hunt ducks, etc.

täpänjang белку промышляю / I hunt squirrels, lok͔ánjang лисицу промышляю / I hunt foxes.

NB. [Durative] aatäšpang, täpäšpang etc. E467

Caritive translative kələm

[The ending appears as a lexeme in the word lists.]

Narym

-k͔ĕlemnak fela, saknas, brista, defect. / to lack Wa384, Wb223, k͔ëlemnak hos mig saknas / is missing by me: orm kelemnak силы нет / I have no strength [ɔ: I lost my strength] 60.

With durative: -kĕlembak Wa384, -k͔elembak Wb223.

MO

-k͔ĕlemnang Wa384

Čulym

*-k͔ĕlemnang Wa384, Wb223

OO

*-k͔elemnang Wb223

Ket

-k͔ĕlemnang fela (orm kelemnang [I lost my strength]) Wa384, Wb223

With durative: -kelembang Wa384

Deverbal derivations

Nomen actionis ptä

[Further found in the vocabulary with the label “nomen actionis”.]

Čulym

uudjyttä smått arbete / light work (Px1S uudjetteu: 2S -ttel: genitive 1S -tten: 2S -ttend etc.) 318, udjöetteagan wasan из работы стал / he stood up from work ([nomen instrumenti] ussangan w[asan] id.): dative uudjettend: accusative uudjettem 319

ortöttä grovt arbete / hard work: Px1S -tteu: Px2S -ttel, [deleted: ?oldettä början / beginning], oogolttä? (= oogolsän ученіе / studying) 318, njuuyttä́ сладость / sweetness: Px1S -tteu: 2S -ttel: 3S -ttädä 319. parkuttä (or accusative -ttem) udara‹m› кричать перестал, кричание бросил / I stopped screaming, nermbettä (-em) uudaram боятся [перестал] / I stopped fearing, tyondöttä (Px1S -eu) ud[aram] говорить [перестал] / I stopped (my) speaking, uudjettä [udaram] работать перестал / I stopped working, nägendettä (-em) ud[aram] писать [перестал] / I stopped writing, kîrttä (-eu), kîrendettä (-eu) ud[aram] ловить [перестал] / I stopped (my) hunting, I stopped (my) trying to hunt, auarttä [udaram] кушать / I stopped eating, panatettä [udaram] сломать / I stopped destroying, suočöttä [udaram] черпать / I stopped scooping, čidettä ud[aram] давить / I stopped pressing. NB. Means: Finnish kirjoittaminen, huutaminen, tekeminen, Russian писание 319

njoottä, njoombettä uudaram [I stopped chasing] 321

Nomen instrumenti psan

[Further found in the vocabulary with the label ‘nomen instrumenti’.]

Čulym

G86 The suffix s‹a͑›n, sen in the Čulym dialect, which expresses means, tools.

uussan работа / work: ablative ussangan 319, ilssän житьё / living, oogolsän учение / studying 318, (kîram ловлю:) kîrsän ловля / catching 319, taatsän езда / travel, (kuedam göda:) kuetsän воспитанник, gödkalv 319

NP

345 The most usual deverbal nouns are (-ut and) -san (-sän, NP -psan): paldjupsan езда / travel, ilápsan житье / living, (čaarkučapsan учение / study), utjapsan работа / work.

Deverbal noun -ut

[Further found in the vocabulary, unlabelled.]

Čulym

(oaldam:) oaldöt заметка / mark, (oldam:) oldöt начало / beginning , (päldam:) päldyt прибавка / addition, [deleted: (taanamdam убавил / I reduced:) taanamdöt убытка [reduction]] 319

NP

The most usual deverbal nouns are -ut (and -san (-sän, NP -psan)): (pälletam to add:) pällötut прибавка / addition, (aančáldšam to mark:) aandšaldšut черта, märke / mark 345

Transitive lčə

Narym

(amdak сижу [ɔ: omtə- ‘садился’]:) omdeldšap посадил, (adak to be visible:) adeldšap to show 194, 220.

NB. The suffix -ldšap itself has no fixed meaning 194.

Taz

(omdang сижу / I sit [ɔ: садился / I sat down]:) omdeldšam посадил / I set it, (atang виден / I am visible:) ateldšam показал / I showed it, (lak͔ang I move:) lak͔aldšam шевелил / I moved it E466.

Transitive alčə

Narym

(č̢egeptak очень торопился / I greatly hurry:) čegeptaldšak заторопил / I hurried it 182, čegeptaldšap 194, 220, (pönnap [sic, ɔ: -k] to be warm [sic]:) (pöčap or) pöčaldšap [I warmed it] 194, (ogolak учился / I learned:) ogolaldšap 194, ogolaldšap учил / I teached it 220, (ödambak пью / I drink) öttaldšap напою / I give [ɔ: gave] to drink 194

Taz

nirkáldšam momentane испугал / I scared it E469

Transitive pčə

Narym

(pönnap [sic, ɔ: -k] to be warm [sic]:) pöčap (or pöčaldšap) [I warmed it] 194, 220, (pötpak согрелся) pöčešpak согрею / I warm 220, (ormbak вырос / I have grown up) ormdšap выростил / I raised it 194

Taz

purupčam засветил / I lit it, (yrang I got lost:) yyrypčam потерял / I lost it, (ooramnang I grew up:) ooramdšam выростил / I raised it E466

Transitive ptə

Narym

(čuak сердился / I got angry:) čuptap, čuptaldšap рассердил / I angered it 194, 220

Taz

E466 êteptam спрятал / I hid it, êseptam уронил / I felled it, (moldšam [sic, -m] замарался / I smeared myself:) moldšeptam замарал / I smeared it, yydeptaldšam напоил / I gave it to drink.

The suffix -tam (-čam), -dam (-dšam) forms effective, or generally transitive verbs. The suffix -ptam is combined of -mbam and -tam?

Durative mpi

[Note: Castrén explains correctly the meaning of the durative, but as the Russian language cannot express the perfect, the translations give little information about the meaning.]

Narym

(parhap сплел (now):) parbap (earlier) (preterite -pahak, future -palebe), (čadap зажег:) čadambap жгу: -mbahap: -lebe 182, (čádap зажег:) čádambap огонь (по маленько) раскладывал 221, (njodap погнал:) njodambap погоню 182, погониваю 221, (nugudap упер:) nugudambap упираю 183, 217, 221, (togoldšap прочитал:) togoldšembap прочитаю 183, читаю 221, (tökuhak приходил) tökumbak приходил (не помню), nagendšembak писал (не знаю), (čadšak еду:) čadšambak ехал (не помню), kegambak хочу (не знавши), (kuak умер (now):) kumbak умер (earlier), (kurannak бегал:) kuralbak бегу, (öngaldšak послушил:) öngaldšembak слушаю 184, 221

(la‹g›eptap тряс:) -mbap трясу 217, (lageptap трясал:) lageptambap трясу 221, (čageptak skynda sig (торопился 221):) čageptambak тороплюсь 217, (mušak поспел:) -mbak поспел 217

čaldšembap замечаю, mannambap смотрю, (afadap:) afadambap кормлю, mušembak поспел, (šišeptak врал:) šišeptambak вру (по маленько), ‹ó›rmbak вырос, (kabrak:) kabrambak жирный стал, larmbak боюсь, čagembak я высох, timbak летаю, koštambak узнал, ödembak пью, ámbak gäspa / to yawn 221

221 NB.

1. Used in the meaning of the present, this form expresses a continuing action.

2. As a preterite: about an action, completed long ago, the effect of which still continues, e.g. čadembap зажег да горит [I have lit it].

140 Usually passive is expressed with the ending -bak (-mbak), e.g. máda tumban дверь заперта / the door is closed, NB. mat maada tumbap (-k) я запер дверь / I have closed the door), k͔org(a) kuatpan björnen är fångad / the bear is killed.

[Frequentative + durative on pages 197 and 221]

lerkumbak (не знавши) пел 197, (-kuomb-) 221, čurkumbak (не знавши) плакал 197, čurg‹u›mbak 221, mekumbap (не знавши) сделал 197, 221, pekumbap (не знавши) искал 197, 221, njokumbap, njorgumbap (не знавши) гонил 197, njogumbap, njorgumbap гонил (гонивал) 221, koatkumbap (не знавши) бил 197, 221, pangumbap (не знавши) клал 197, 221, muhelgumbap (не знавши) вытер 197, muhelgumbak 221, nagergumbap (не знавши) писал 197, nagergumbak 221

Some verbs make this form immediately from the stem with the suffix -mbap (-mbak): nagendšembak [sic, lacking queue reduction] писал (не знавши), čadšambak ехал (не знавши), kegambak хотел 197. From almost all verbs 221.

Čulym

317 -mbam: (kuan умер, перед глазами / he died, before my eyes:) kumba умер, så att jag ej visste därav, utan en annan kom och berättade / he died, so I did not know about it, but someone else came and told about it, kuumba han dog / he died [ɔ: he has died / he is dead].

Expresses:

1. The present in the sense of a long during action [= He is dead].

2. The preterite in the sense of an action which has occurred, the effects of which still continues [= He has died].

njoombam следил (не знаю, своя ли зверь, чужая ли) / I have chased it (“I don’t know if it is my game, or someone else’s”) 321

Ket

262 The suffix -mbau denotes what in Russian is the perfective form and therefore has preferably the sense of a preterite. The present meaning however has the form -lbau: oralbau держу / I hold, tjegalbau давлю / I press, ygalbau тащу / I pull.

The simple form (tjaattau) stands in the same relation to this (tjaadembau), as in Russian зажег to зажигал. Cfr. the Obdorsk dialect [Nenets].

-mbau expresses a past action which is still in effect: tjaadembau зажег да горит, pumbau дул, не добыл (pukkannau [sic] дул да добыл).

Taz

E479 -bam:

aptalbam нанюхал / I have smelled: -ldšam, -lbam, omdeldšembam посадил / I have put (-ldšam id.), amdäptembam закусываю / I am chewing, apsetembam кормлю / I am feeding, (ateldšam:) ateldšembam показываю / I show, (amarnang ел / I ate [ɔ: I eat]:) amarpang наелся / I have eaten, amaréldšembang наелся / I have eaten (amaréldjang id.), êteldšembang ожидаю / I am waiting, átäšpang промышлял (промышляю) оленей / I have hunted reindeer (-njang промышляю / I hunt reindeer), suurešpang зверей промышлял (промышляю) / I have hunted (am hunting) (suurenjang промышляю / I hunt), êmeldšambam (-ldšam) забыл / I have forgot, aantalbang радуюсь / I am glad, (alčang:) alčembang упал / I have fallen, aangambang жеваю / I am yawning (aangang id.), aaselbam перешагнул / I have stepped over it (-nam: -dšam), ilembang жил (долго) / I have lived (ilang: ilendang), itterbang варю / I cook, (îtam:) itembam весил / I have hung, êêtegeldšembang молчу / I am silent, tangaldšembang (-ldšam) молчу, стою / I am silent (calm), ipkalpam прижиму / I am pressing (-nam: -dšam), êteptembam спрятал / I have hidden, (iingam:) iimbam брал / I have taken

irambang: -nang стар стал / I have become old, oorombang вырос / I have grown up (-nang), (orangam:) ?orambam имаю / I hold, ork͔albam имал, держу / I have taken = I hold (-lnam), olambang начал / I have begun (-nang), (omdettang молюсь / I pray:) omdettembang помолился / I have prayed, (aamdang сижу / I sit:) aamnembang сижу / I am sitting

E480 (tanamdang:) tanamnembang, tandaldšembang учился, ‹_›аю, (uutjang работаю:) uutjembang делал, (uurnang купаюсь:) uurpang купался, (selam выточил:) selembam точил: selemba точено, (saaternang брожу:) saaterbang бродил, (sonnam черпаю:) sotpam вычерпал, (šyyternang шью:) syyterpam (-ng) зашиваю, починиваю, (saadšam окусил: ) saadšembam зубами держу, (kunernang убегаю:) kunerpang убежал (каждый год), (kuennjang дыхаю:) kuešpang отдыхал, (kyyrángam трясу:) kyyrámbam вытрясал, tareilbang дрожу, (konnang кашлю:) kotpang каш[лял], (kondšernam вижу:) -rpam (-rbam) видел, (kuurang плаву:) kuurambang плаваю, (maandšam смерил:) maannembam смерил, (malangam гризу:) malambam гриз, (mišangam выдерну:) mišambam выдергивал, (maaternam прошу:) -rbam просил, (nok͔angam пехаю:) nok͔ambam пехал (пехаю), (näkängam:) näkämbam тянул, njäšerpang катался (-rnang катаюсь), (tjeldjennam топтаю:) tjeldjetpam вытоптал, (pändšang плаваю:) pännembang плаваю, (peengam ищу:) peembam искал (давно), (peerang ищу:) peermbang искал, minerpang промышлял, (puungam дую:) puumbam дул, (patjennam рублю:) patjetpam рубил, (pak͔arnam копаю:) pak͔arpam копал, (tjuurang плачу:) tjuurembang плакал, tjok͔k͔orpam текал (tjok͔k͔ornam -ю), (tuungang гребу:) tuumbang греб or гребу, (tutam жую:) tutembam жевал, (tangnam [I buried]:) tak͔pam.

E470 (ytam пил:) ytembang пью, (yngoldšang послушил:) yngoldšembang слушаю, čuttembang согреюсь, (koljaram, -aldšam:) kŏ́ljaráldšembam повертываю.

Desiderative (ä)nčə

[This derivation, which in the aorist expresses the immediate future, Castrén calls the inchoative or future, and he translates it with the help of ‘хочу / I want’ (= I am going to) or the more appropriate ‘стану’. The verbs of momentane aspect he translates also by the Russian present (= future). The longer forms nčänčə are desideratives of another derivation, usually of the intransitive/imperfective ntə.]

Narym

222 Inchoatives: (medap:) medendšap догоняю, (mirhap [mīrə-]:) mirendšak строгаю, (parhap [parə-]:) parendšak вью.

(NB. Those verbs that ‹lack?› the suffix -špak, sometimes make this form by means of -dšap, -dšak.) With the suffix -ndšak is usually formed inchoative verbs (хочу (стану)). From the aforementioned verbs the inchoative is formed: nagennendšak писать хочу, mirennendšak, parennendšak.

Inchoative čadéndšap огонь класть стану 124, medendšap (хочу догнать?) догоняю 182.

198 Inchoative:

muheldšendsap [I want] to dry, takkaldšendšak [I want] to gather, hepkaldšendšap [I want] to hide, pannaldšendšap спортить хочу, häbeldšendšap рвать хочу etc. NB. All words in -ssap have thereto a preterite in -ldšap, from which this form is made.

eltčak шагать хочу, koatčak [I want] to cough, ?kuraldšendšak [I want to run away], elendšak [I want] to live, kalendšak [I want to stay] etc.

čádamendšak [I want] to fire, njodamendšap [I want] to hunt etc.

(medakyendšak догонять хочу), tökyendšak приходить хочу, šergyendšak [I want to enter often] etc.

pekumendšak искать [хочу], häbešpendšap [sic] рвать хочу, and from all verbs in -špap. parendšak вью / I’ll braid, (medap:) medendšak догоняю / I’ll reach, (mirhap) mirendšak строгаю по маленько.

kerendšap драть хочу, lerendšak петь [хочу], čurendšak [I want] to cry, ([latentive] parendšak плету / I braid:) parenendsak, pydaldšendšap, häbedšendšap [sic]. NB. Verbs with -rh- cannot form the inchoative [?!].

pendšak искать хочу, pundšap дуть хочу, njondšap гнать хочу, čöndšap [I want] to shoot, töndšak [I want] to come etc.

čenčendšak I want to speak, ačendšap [I want] guard, kamdšendšap вылить хочу, adeldšendšap etc.

čitčap [I want] to trample, čeutčap [I want] to glue, koatčap убить хочу etc.

pandšap [I want to put].

Nm lerénsak (N -dš-) хочу петь: lerénsahak хотел петь: lerénselage [петь] стану: infinitive lérénsegu 208

Čulym

[Note that in the Čulym dialect t and č merge, like later in the Tundra dialect, leading Castrén to confuse the desiderative (ä)nčə and the latentive ntə and the similar intransitive-imperfective derivation.]

316–317 (pundang дую:) punnéndang дуть стану.

Verbs with r (-rn-), which in the simple form have preterite meaning, form the future with -rttang (instead of -endang): (siernam ([latentive] sieram) надел / I dressed:) -rttam надеть хочу / I want [am going] to dress, (siernang зашел / I entered:) sierttang зайду / I enter, (tarnam разделил / I shared:) -rttam разделить хочу / I want [am going ] to share, (nägernam записал: [latentive?] -rttam в[ ту] п[ору] писал:) -rtténdam писать хочу, (njäsernang катаюсь: [latentive?] njäserttang -лся:) njäsertténdang катать хочу, (auarnang ем: [latentive?] -rttang в ту пору ел:) auarttendang есть хочу, ičam взял: índam взять хочу, возьму [false, should be vice versa, desiderative is īčə-], (tj‹ó›am мазал:) tj‹ó›ndam мазать хочу, (tuam запер:) tundam запирать хочу, (tjuang пришел / I came:) tjyndang прийти хочу, приду / I will come.

Verbs in a vowel form with this suffix not the determined form [latentive], but the future [desiderative].

Verbs with -nn-. In these verbs the preterite determined form [latentive] is formed with -tt-, sometimes the future [desiderative]: (koannam бил / I killed) koattam бить хочу / I want [am going] to kill, (panánnam сломал: panattam в[ ту] п[ору] сломал:) panatténdam хочу сломать, (kačonnam чесал: kačottam в[ ту] п[ору] чесал:) kacottendam хочу чесать.

Regular determined form [latentive]:

(ilang живу: [latentive?] ilndang жил:) iléndang жить хочу, (kalang остался: kalndang в[ ту] п[ору] остался:) kaléndang останусь, (uogelang учился: [latentive] -lndang учился:) -léndang.

-čam (-dšam) has no fixed meaning, but alternates with -tam (-dam). [Castrén means that t and č alter.]

iendang (тут) буду, быть хочу 324

Ket

ilendsang теперь жить хочу [cfr. future illakse вперед живу] 275

NP

343–344 (tjattam зажег:) tjaattindšam сожгу, (kîrram снял:) kîrríndšam сниму, (näkandšang:) present näkandšindšang писать хочу. (taarnam делил:) taartčam: present taartčíndšam разделю (-nam: future -tčam: present -tčindšam), (siernam надел:) siertčam: siertčíndšam надеваю, (njäsarnang катался:) (future -rtčang?): future njäsartčíndšang стану, (saadarnang бродил:) future?: future saadartčindšang брожу (стану), (kurrunnang убежал:) future kurruldšíndšang хочу бегать, (mirnam строгал:) mirtčam стану.

NB. -rtčam is not used by these verbs, but the form -rtčindšang has future meaning. (tuggam запер:) tundšam запру: tundšíndšam запираю, (iggam взял:) itčam возьму: itč̢indšam беру, (tyggang пришел:) tyyndšang приду, (tuuggang:) tuundšang гребу, (matčam резал:) matčíndšam режу, (kamdšam вылил:) kamdšíndšam вылю, (četčam вынес:) četčindšam вынесу, (miggam отдал:) mindšam, (meiggam сделал:) meitčam: meitčindšam.

NB. Those with a vowel stem form the future in -ndšam, present -indšendsam, a few in -tčam, -itčindšam.

(frequentative k͔amčəkku-:) kamdšakkundšam выливаю, (čeččəkku-:) četčakkundšam выношу

Taz

[Note: As t and č merge by many of the Taz informants, the desiderative suffix tends to merge with the latentive, which Castrén is aware of.]

416 Future character:

1. -ändšam, -ändam

2. -ndšam, -ndam ([for stems in a] long vowel)

3. -tčam, -čam ([for stems in] r, m ([and the irregular] meečam).

E449 Samoyedic lacks the words ‘to want, to wish’ (desire, wish), and this is expressed not by a mood, but a special form in -čang (-dang), which is conjugated in all moods and tenses. This verb form is also inchoative and denotes a commencement. This form expresses both present and future. So are many verbs in -dšang, which now lack a simple form, were originally inchoative.

This form should not be confused with the form in -ndam (-ĕndam, -ä̆ndam) [latentive], although they often coincide [in idioms where č and t have merged].

This form can also be used to express the present conjunctive, e.g. tat mogoneän (matk͔an) wuerkä́šeng, man kuendšang я (пускай) еду, ты дома живи / you live at home, I’ll go, ookerne aša týndša, man nildjek tenerbam han tör ej komma, så tänker jag / he still will not come, I think. [Further examples in the Taz syntax section.]

Cfr. [latentive vs. desiderative]:

mindam дал / I gave: minnendšam дать хочу / I want [am going] to give

pundam дул / I blew: puunnendšam хочу / I want [am going] to blow

iindam взял / I took: iičam (iitam) хочу / I want [am going] to take

meendam сделал / I did: meečam, meetam хочу / I want [am going] to do

[Fixed vowel stems]

E477 All monosyllabic roots which by addition of ng become disyllabic, join the future or inchoative form -ndšam or -ndam immediately onto the final vowel of the stem, e.g. (péengam ищу / I seek:) peendšam (-ndam) искать стану / I begin to seek, (túngam запираю / I close [ɔ: I closed]:) tundšam or tundam запирать стану / I begin to close, (túngang гребу / I row:) tundšam or túndam [sic, -m] (tungam [sic, -m] гребу: tundšang 426), (púngam дую / I blow it:) pundšam, pundam дуть стану / I begin to blow it, (tyngang пришел / I came:) tyndšang приду / I come, (mingam даю / I give [ɔ: I gave]:) mindšam etc.

(tuungam закрыл:) tuundam, (kîngam spänna:) kîîndam 415

(tupangam skaka:) tupandšam 415

E477 Exceptions from this rule are:

(iingam взял / I took:) iičam or iittam, (meengang делал / I made:) meečam, méttam.

The two latter words make their determined form [latentive] through the suffix -ndam, e.g. iindam взял / I took, meendam делал / I made.

In the other words the determined form is made from the preterite indicative: peesam (с)искал / I searched for it, puusam (с)дул / I blew it, while in them the suffixes -ndam och -ndšam are identical. Sometimes you might hear tyyndang with preterite meaning (пришел) and tyyndšang in future meaning (приду), but this distinction is not consistent.

[Schwa stems]

415–416 (ataldšengam показал:) atäldšendšam, (ittétjam:) ittetjändšam (-endšam), (êmeldšeildšam забыл:) êmeldšeildšendam (>-ändšam), (eteptéldjengam спрятал:) eteptéldjendam (-ändšam), (wuettjam (-tj-) to lift:) wuettjendam (-ändšam), (oromdšang to raise:) oromnendšang (>-ändšang), (tandaldšam:) tandaldšendam (>-ändšam), (yytam послал:) ytä́ndšam, (yttétjam пил:) yttejä́ndšam, (yndetjam to hear:) yndetjändšam, (yyrypčengam to lose:) -pčändšam, (êšeptengam уронил:) êseptändšam, (sogondjang to ask:) sogottjändšam, (sačetjam to bite:) sačetjändšam, (kataldšam чесал:) -ldšändšam, (kettetjam сказал:) -ttétjändšam, (suumbang пою:) summändšang, (koljmattang пою:) -mettändšang, (kamttetjengam вылил:) kamttétjändšam, (kuetjam оставил:) -tjändšam, (k͔apejam to patch:) kapändšam, (mačam: preterite -esam): mačändšam, (temam: preterite -esam): temä́ndšang.

wuerä́ndšam, kuetjändšam, njootä́ndšam 418.

(kä̂ttam ударил:) kätténdam. Not -änd-, when there is a preceding ä E481.

[rə-stems]

E477 Those in which after r an unaccented vowel is heard. These take in the future the usual suffix -ändšam, e.g. (kirap драл / I flayed:) kirä́ndšam (kîram снял: kîrändšam 415), (tjurang плакал / I cried [ɔ: I cry]:) tjuurä́ndšang, (peerang ищу / I seek:) pérä́ndšam, (kuram сплел / I wrapped:) kurä́ndšam.

These take in the determined form [latentive] the suffix -ndam (-ng), e.g. kírĕndam снял / I flayed, tjúure͑ndang плакал / I cried [ɔ: I cry], peerendang сискал / I searched [ɔ: I seek]. These are rarely used.

415–416 (saarengam to bind:) saarändšam, wuerä́ndšam держать стану, (mušeram сварил:) mušerä́ndšam, (uterengam остановил:) uterändšam, (koram скроил:) korä́ndšam, (kueram звал:) kuerändšam, (lakaram:) lakarändšam

[lə-stems]

E478 The verbs in l create the aforementioned form like the others, e.g. (ilang leva / I live:) ilä́ndšang, (kalang остался / I remained:) kalä́ndšang, (sälam точил / I sharpened:) sälä́ndšam.

[Duratives]

E478 NB. šerpändšang from seerpang [I have entered], motpändšam from motpam [I have beaten], ork͔olpändšam from orkolpam [I hold], (ork͔olbam держал [ɔ: держу]:) ork͔olbendam 415.

[Consonant stems]
[t-stems]

E478 Verbs in t similarily:

[Monosyllabic t-stems]

(kuennam бил / I killed:) future kuetčam (убиваю 416, 418) ([latentive] kuettam бил), (sonnam черпал / I scooped [ɔ: I scoop]:) future sotčam E478

(monnam (preterite -ssam) бил:) motčam, (pönnang согрелся: [latentive] pöttang:) pöčändšang 416, (pönnang спотел:) pöčändšang 426

[Disyllabic t-stems]

(tjändennang вымок / I got wet:) future tjandetändang, -dettang E478

(pačennang рубил:) pačettändšang 416, (lakennang [I laugh]:) lakečändšang 426.

426 NB. In these [disyllabic consonant stems] there is also another preterite [sic] form in -dšang that is also often attested, from which the future [i.e. desiderative] is formed.

E483 šyynnam сошил. Such words do not form the determined form, and at the same time the future sytčam coincides with syttam. However, they are actually to be treated as different forms, although no distinction is made in the Taz dialect.

[Cfr.:] (šynnam: preterite šyssam to sew:) šytčam or -čengam 415, šytčam 418

[m- and ŋ-stems]

E478 Verbs in m and ng form the future regularily with the addition of -ä́ndšam, e.g. (amnam съел / I ate:) future amnändšam or amdšam, (ooromnang вырос / I grew up:) future ooromnändšang or ooromdang, (mirengnam продал / I sold:) future mirengnändšam.

[n-stems]

kuennang уехал: kuendšang E483

[j-stems]

(aatänjang оленей промышляю / I hunt reindeer:) future aatätjändšang, (suurenjang зверей добываю / I hunt (animals):) suuretjändšang E478, (kuelennjang to fish:) kueletjändšang 416, (pisenjang [I laugh]:) pisečändšang 426

[Monosyllabic r-stems]

E477 The disyllabic [i.e. monosyllabic, Castrén counts the mood syllable as one] words in -rnang (i.e. those that end in r) add in the future -čam (-ng) or -ttam (-ng) immediately onto the stem: (šeernang зашел / I entered:) šerčang or šeerttang зайду / I’ll enter ((šeernang зашел: ([latentive] -rttang:) šerčang 416), (parnam вил / I twined:) future parčam or parttam вью / I’ll twine, (uurnang купался / I bathed [ɔ: I bathe]:) úrčang or urttang, (mirnam строгал / I planed:) mirttam or mirčam.

These do not make any determined form, but express it with the preterite in -ssang (serssang, parssam etc.).

[Disyllabic r-stems]

E478 Multisyllabic [i.e. disyllabic] words in r (-rnam) take a lengthened form in -ttä́ndang (-m) or -čä́ndšam (-ng), e.g. (amarnang to eat:) amarttä́ndang or amarčandšang (also amarčändang) есть стану / I begin to eat, (nješernang (njä-) катался / I glided [ɔ: I glide]:) future njäšerttändang etc., (sepernam рвал / I tore:) seberčändsam etc. ((säpernam:) säpertjändšam 415).

The simple form in -čang (-m) (-ttam) is not heard, but has probably earlier been the determined form.

E482 Verbs in -rnam form ‹the future?› in -rttändang or -rčändšang. Obviously the base of this form is the determined form [latentive] in -čam or -ttam (cfr. other verbs in -nam, that also take t), but this form is not used in the Taz dialect.

415 (saaternang брожу:) -rčändšang, (šyyternang to sew:) šyyterändšam, (saandšernang to play:) saandertändang, saandšerčandšang

[Monosyllabic l-stems]

E478 Disyllabic [i.e. monosyllabic] verbs in l seem not to exist.

[Disyllabic l-stems]

E478 Threesyllabic [i.e. disyllabic] are: (takkalnam собрал / I collected:) future takkaldšä̆ndšam, (musä́lnam вытер / I wiped off:) future musäldšä̆ndšam, (panalnam спортил / I destroyed: preterite panalsam:) panaldšä̆ndšam.

(ork͔olnam держал [ɔ: схватил]:) ork͔oldšendam 415, (kapalnang veistän:) kapaldšä́ndšang 416, (paralnang [I returned]:) paralčändang 426

Frequentative kku

Narym

196–197 Frequentatives in -kuap (-k):

1. Verbs in -rak: (lerak пел:) lerkuak пою (час‹то›), (kerap драл:) kerkuap драл (‹_›), (čurak плачу:) čurkuak плакаю. NB. Verbs in -rhak express the frequantative ‹with?› -ešpap [continuative].

2. Some verbs with a vowel: (töak пришел:) tökuak при‹ходил› (tökuhak приходил 218), (čöap стрелял:) čökuap ‹_›.

3. Many others: (medak догонял:) medakuak догонял (medakohap догонял 218), (kondak сплю:) kondakuak lägga sig (kondakuhak ложился 218), (häldšak точил:) häldšekuak точивал, (alčak to fall:) alčekuak падивал, (‹падаю?›) (падаю 218), (elak живу:) [preterite] elkuhak.

221 Frequentative -ku-: medakuap догонял, kerkuap драл, čökuap стрелял, njorguap гонивал (njorguhap гонивал 218, njorguhap гонивал (на то одно) 220), tökuak приходил, šerguak заходил, hädšekuak [I became?, without translation], čurkuak плакаю, alčekuak падаю, eterkuak варил, kondakuak ложился.

This is formed from the infinitive [sic, false] of verbs in r or a vowel, and many others.

čádaekuap кладивал, čadakumbap огонь складивал 124, (njorhap гонял:) njorguhap гонивал 182, (šernak зашел:) šerguhak заходил 183, 218 (šerguhak заходил (once) [sic] 220), eterkohak варил 220, čandšakohak выходил (once) (-mbahak often) [sic] 220

Čulym

315 The suffix -kuam has in this dialect often, but not always, present meaning, e.g.: (ilam поднял:) ilkuam подимаю, (setam разбудил:) sedekuam разбуживаю, (tuelau [sic, -u] украл:) tuelkuam украдиваю, (mîam отдал:) mîkkuam отдаю, (miegam сделал:) mie(k)kuam сделиваю, (tuuwam запер:) tuukkuam заприваю, (tjarang сказал:) tjarkkuang сказываю, (îc̢am весил:) îčekuam вешаю, (péam искал [ɔ: ищу]:) peekuam искаю (perndang ищу), (siernang зашел:) sierkkuang заходил ([desiderative] sierkkyendang захожу), (kueram звал:) kuerkuang -аю, (puwam задуваю:) puukuam -аю, (tjačam стрелял:) tjačekuam стреляю, (tuuang гребу:) tuukuang гребу, погребаю.

-kuam (-ng) is the undetermined form, e.g. I am rowing (tuukuang). In this it is not said that he is rowing right now, he might have stopped rowing for the moment.

(muonnang стегал: muottang стегаю:) muotkuam стегаю (всегда) 316, njookuam последиваю? d.ä. han jagar, men har nu upphört på en stund / I am chasing? i.e. he is chasing, but has paused for a moment 321

Ket

262 The suffix -ku corresponds to the undetermined form of Russian.

NP

345 ‘Obestämd och upprepningsform / undetermined and repetitive form’: (muotnam стегал:) muotkuang, (siernang зашел:) sierkuang, (tarnam раздел[ил]:) tarkuam, (aurnang ел [ɔ: ем]:) auarkuang.

(ilang живу:) ilakkuang поживаю, (ilam поднял:) ilakkuwam подимаю, (sittam разбудил:) sitakkuwam, (tuellam украл:) tuelakkuwam ворую or воровал, (tjarrang сказал:) tjarakkuwam, (kuerram звал:) kuerakkuam, (čurang плачу:) čurakkuang плакаю, (kaigam закрыл:) kaajakkuwam закрываю, (čondam закутал:) čondákkuwam

(miggam отдал:) mikkuwam даю, (tuggam запер:) tukkuwam запираю, (peiggam искал:) peikkuwam, (puggam дую:) pukkuwam

Taz

E468 (njongam:) njotkam провожал, nätkang женился [also are given the not related yrkang to get lost, aangang зеваю, ninkang стою etc.]. This k is probably of the same origin as in the suffix -kuap (-ng) [the frequentative suffix], which is missing in the Taz dialect and possibly is identical with -kam (-kang). [Note: kku is reduced to kkə in the Taz dialect.]

Frequentative + momentane + durative kkolćəmpi

E471 Frequentative form constructed from -ltjam, -mbam with preceding kó (k and ó): kamdekoldšembam выливаю, (ketam:) ketekoltjembam сказываю, (k͔aanjam:) k͔aanjekoltjembam покрываю, (tîîntang:) tîîntekoltjembang (по)браниваю, maandšekoltjembam смериваю, mišakoltjembam выдергиваю, nekerkoltjembam записиваю, (tjaadam:) tjaadekoltjembam огонь добываю, (tjäcam:) tjäčekoltjembam бросаю, măndšekoltjembam сматриваю (cfr. mannembam), tandekoltjembang выходил, (njoodam:) njoodekoltjembam загониваю.

Continuative äśpi

Narym

195 The suffix -špap:

1. The words in a vowel do not take this suffix, but in the determined form they end in -ndap, -dak: (peap ищу:) pendak ищу (or pešpap), (njoap гоню:) njondap гоняю (njošpap), (čöap стреляю:) čöndak (-šp-) стреляю, (puap ду‹ю›:) pundak (-špap) дую, (tiap ругаю:) tindak ругаю, (negeap тяну:) negendap тяну, (tuap запер:) tundap запер,

(a) (čoap мазал:) čondak мазаю,

(b) (iap взял:) indap взял, (tänuap знаю:) tänundap знаю, (hakuap отведал:) -ndap отведал

(c) (töak пришел:) töndak пришел

(d) (tuak гребу:) tundak гребу.

[The portion above seems to be deleted, at least the first sentence, as Castrén has found out that the ntə forms, being latentive mood, some of them the intransitive/imperfective derivational suffix, have nothing to do with the continuative suffix. After the list comes another, obviously meant as a correction:]

(a) (čoap мазал:) čošpap or -ndak

(b) (iap взял:) išpap возьму

(c) töšpak иду (по маленько)

(d) tušpak гребу

2. Verbs in -rak also take the suffix -ndak, e.g. (lerak пою:) lerndak пою (not -špak), (čurak плачу:) čurndak (not -špak), (kerap драл:) kerndap драл or -rešpap деру. NB. auarešpak ем / I eat.

The other verbs usually take -špap (-k) (-ešpap (-k)). Note verbs in -ssap (-nnap), e.g. (passap клал:) panešpap, (koassap бил:) koadešpap, (čeussap склеил:) čeudešpap, (muhessap вытер:) muhelešpap, (hepkassap спрятал:) -lešpap, (häbessap рвал:) -lešpap, (kurassak бегал:) -lešpak.

217 Verbs which in the simple form have h as the preterite marker make their undetermined form with -‹_›špap (-k), those without h with -mbak (-p).

124 Diminutive čadéspap по маленько кладу, [latentive] čadešpendap накладиваю.

(udšak работаю:) udšešpak поробливаю, (mehap сделал:) mešpap делаю, (parhap сплел:) parešpap плету, (čadap зажег:) čadešpap жгу, (kurap обвил:) kurešpap обвью, (tirhap (tirap) наполнил:) tirešpap наполниваю, (nagendšak пишу:) nagendšešpak пописиваю, (koassap бил:) koadešpap бью, (č̢eunnap склеил:) čeudešpap клею 182, (pannap клал:) panešpap кладу, (takkannap собрал:) takkalešpap собираю, (ogolak выучился:) ogolešpak учусь 183, (töak пришел:) töšpak прихожу, (kandejak замерз:) kandeješpak мерзнуть стал, (kuennak пошел:) kuenešpak иду (по маленько), (kuendahap унес:) kuendešpap несу, (iap взял:) išpap беру 184, (čoap мазал:) čošpap мажу, (nöap отворил:) nöšpap отворяю, (häbennap рвал:) häbelešpap рву 185

(panannap испортил:) panalešpap, (tudonnap tugga:) tudolešpap, (häbessap (-nn-) рвал:) häbelešpap 218

(kerap:) kerešpap деру ([desiderative] kerendšak хочу), čurešpak плакаю (“= čurendšak”), parešpap плету (“= parendšak”), tárešpap разделю (“= tarendšak”), nagerešpap пишу, (häbessap:) häbelešpap рву, (pydassap:) pydalešpap gå på spåren / to follow tracks, njäšerešpandak катаюсь, auarešpak кушаю, čospak мазаю, tušpak гребу, töšpak прихожу, wačešpap поднимаю, čagdšešpap запираю, togoldšešpap прочитаю, alčešpak падаю, čidešpap топтаю, koadešpap убью, muhelešpap вытеру, kadolešpap чешу, pödešpak греюсь, elešpap [sic, -p] живу, kalešpak останусь, ogolešpak учусь, (ormbak) orwešpak (-mbak, -kuap and those in a vowel do not make this form) 222

[Latentive forms, labeled ‘diminutive’:] kerešpendak, parešpendak, tarešpendak, nagerešpendak, häbelešpendak etc. 222

Augmentative r

Čulym

-r augmentatives 317

Taz

r (-rnam, -ram) creates augmentatives E469.

Pluralitive k͔əl

Narym

(tiak:) tiegannak ругаю, (tuak:) tuogonnak гребу, (iap:) iegannap возьму, (čoap:) čuogannap мазаю, (puap:) puogonnap дую, (töak приду [ɔ: пришел]:) tökyllage побываю, (amnap съел:) apkannap (apkaléšpap), (niemnap сосу:) niepkannap (niepkaléš‹p›ap) 208

Taz

E467 Momentanes? (character -k͔al): pačk͔alnam сплел (cfr. parnam плету), (pinnam:) pînǥalnam клал

E469 (šyyngam:) šyök͔ólnam (-ǥ-) momentane скоблил, (puungam дую:) puuk͔ólnam momentane сдунул, (pargak:) parkalnam (-kel-) сморкаю, pak͔k͔álnam выкопал

E470 mušerágalbang свариваю, (eseptam уронил:) eseptágalbam уроняю

Iterative ok͔əmpi

Narym

(šernak зашел:) šerugombak захожу (often) 183, šérugombak заходил (не помню) 184, šerugombahak often захожу 220, čandšakombak выходил (не помню), njorugombap гонил (не помню), harogombap отведиваю 184, (auoldšap забыл:) auoldšogombak забываю 185

Taz

E468 This frequentative (undetermined) form corresponds to -kumbap (-k) of the Narym dialect: ettarmógombang караулю, ittógombang варю, (kîngam:) kîndšógombam натягиваю лук, k͔yeldšógombam пою (старину), ([latentive] šeerang:) šeerógombang заходил, захожу, tandógombang выходил, njootógombang выганивал, tjyndógombang застреливал.

(itterbang варю) ittógombang каждый день котел варю / every day I cook a pot E479

Momentane ä

NP

345 -ĭgam is added to the stem and denotes a short moment. The i is short and sounds like a half e: (čaattam зажег:) čaattigam начал зажечь, (čondam одел:) čondigam начал [одеть], (čurram to weep:) čurrigam, (sittam to wake:) sittigam [this is however probably false for *sittigang ‘I woke up’], (kîrram снял:) kîrrigam, (četčam вынес:) četčĭgam на час [вынес] [(tuggam запер:) tuggig- replaced by tuldjam]

Momentane äćə

Narym

Momentane cadédšap скоро клал, čadedšenbap наклал [/ćātäćəntəmpi-/] 124

Čulym

317 The suffix of the Čulym dialect -étjam corresponds to [N] -édšam, somewhat, e.g.: (k͔ajam накрыл:) kajétjam на час накрыл, (tjoačam зажег:) tjaačétjam на час зажигал, (tuam запер:) tuétjam на час запер, (siernam надел:) sieretjam на час надел.

Taz

The form -étjam expresses an action made hastily, Finnish repäsen, kusasen E469.

(îtam весил:) îttétjam повесил E468

Momentane lćə

NP

345 -ldjam маленько (немножко): (siernang зашел:) ?sieráldjang, (kaajam закрыл:) kaaildjam маленько закрыл, (čaattam зажег:) čaattíldjam, (čondam закутал:) čondíldjam, (čuurrang плакал? [ɔ: плачу]:) ?čuraldjang, (kuerram звал:) kuerrildjam, (tuggam запер:) tuuldjam

Taz

E467 "Diminutives" are a compound of the form in -lnam with the usual lengthening -tjam. Тo this can be added the suffix -mbam, e.g. amaréltjembam.

amaréltjang наелся, (mušeram варил:) mušeréltjam сварил, (îpkalnam:) îpk͔aléltjam подавил, (eteptam:) eteptéltjam спрятал, êsepteltjam уронил, säpetjéltjam оторвал, koseléltjam вымолол, nekerḗltjam выписал, nuunetjéltjang устал (совсем), takkaléltjam собирал

“Momentane o”

Čulym

-o momentanes [sic, unclear what Castrén means] 317

Momentane + durative älćəmpi

Taz

E471 (ataldšam:) ateldšéldšembam показываю, (êmeldšam:) emeldšéldsembam забываю, (piigeldšam:) piigeldšéldšembam сворочивал, (päletam:) pääletéldšembam прибавляю.

Formed from verbs in -ldšam through reduplication of the same suffix, herefrom arise forms: êteldšéldšang, êmeldšéldšang etc.

E472 kondaléltjembang крепко уснул, nekeréltjembam все написал, (čekam: čekeram:) čekeréltjembam высушил

Deverbal al

Taz

E469 The form -lnam (here -álnam, -ä́l-, -ólnam, -nam) expresses a quickly occurring, a diminutive action, while on the other side r (-rnam, -ram) creates augmentatives. Maybe -ólnam creates momentanes? k͔ápalnam veistän, yypalnang отправился, tupálnam трясу.

Deverbal ol

Taz

E469 (katennam) kattólnam, -lbam, -ldšam momentane чесал, (tukam and tukennam:) tukólnam

Deverbal äl

Taz

E469 (mačam:) mačä́lnam резал, pačä́lnam разколол

Expressive mat

Taz

E472 sikermánnang запутался, njenjemánnang разсердился, nirkemánnang боялся, lak͔k͔amánnang смеялся

Deverbal äptə

Taz

E466 The suffix -äptam forms reflexives.

E472 amdäptembam по маленько закусиваю

Intransitive/imperfective ntə

[On this derivation (or these derivations), cf. the latentive, with which it is confused. With only Castrén’s inconsistent translations as information these cannot be clearly distinguished.]

Čulym

[The derivation ntə or nčə on pages 316–317, to which Castrén gives preterite meaning, is the basis for the extended desideratives of the r-stems. Castrén seems to regard this derivation as identical with the latentive.]

316 Verbs with r (-rn-) which in the simple form express the present [= verbs of durative aspect] make with the suffix -ttang (not -ndang) the preterite determined form: (nerang боюсь:) nerndang боялся в ту пору [note: doubtful construction. The word is a u-stem of momentane aspect: näruang ‘I got scared’], (čurang плачу:) čurndang в ту пору плакался, (njäsernang катаюсь:) njäserttang -лся (cfr. [desiderative] njäsertténdang катать хочу), (auarnang ем:) -rttang в ту пору ел (cfr. -rttendang есть хочу), (saadarnang брожу:) -rttang в ту пору бродил (cfr. -rttendang), (sāndarnang играю:) -rttang в ту пору играл (cfr. -rttendang), (kunernang бегаю:) -rttang ‹id.?›.

(igam взял:) ičam взял (índam взять хочу, возьму) [false, should be the other way around]

[The following seem to be false: Castrén has confused l- and t-stems:] (panánnam сломал:) panattam в[ ту] п[ору] сломал ([desiderative] panatténdam хочу сломать) [doubtful, panal- and an otherwise unattested *panət- confused], (kačonnam чесал:) kačottam в[ ту] п[ору] чесал ([desiderative] kacottendam хочу чесать) [doubtful, k͔atol- and k͔atət- confused], (tak͔k͔annam собрал:) -ttam в[ ту] п[ору] собрал [impossible, the first form can only be tak͔k͔əl-], (paarannang воротился:) -ttang в[ ту] п[ору] воротился [doubtful, pāral- confused with an unattested *pārət-]

[Correct t-stem:] (suonnam черпаю:) -ttam почерпивал

[Schwa stems:] (ilang живу:) ilndang жил ([desiderative] iléndang жить хочу), (kalang остался:) kalndang в[ ту] п[ору] остался ([desiderative] kaléndang останусь), (uogelang учился:) -lndang учился ([desiderative] -léndang).

NP

[On page 343 are shown ntə forms of desideratives, translated with Russian present. These might however be latentive forms, the translations being due to the informant’s attempts to express the meaning of the latentive.]

343 (tjattam зажег: tjaattindšam сожгу:) tjattindšendam зажигаю, corresponding to the form N -ešpap [continuative]. NB. -indšam expresses the future, -índšendam the present (= -ešpap), (čoondam закутал: čoondíndšam:) present čoondindšendam, (îttam весил: future îttíndšam:) present îttíndšendam, (yyttam послал: yttíndšam:) present yyttindšendam посылаю, (kîrram снял: kîrríndšam сниму:) kîrríndšendam снимаю, (čurrang плачу: future čurrindšang:) present čurríndšendang, (mirnam строгал: mirtčam стану:) mirtčindam строгаю [changed to lengthened desiderative -ndšam].

Taz

(omdennang жалуюсь:) omdettang молюсь E468