Conjugation
Contents
- Subjective and objective conjugation
- Moods and tenses overview
- Numbers
- Moods and tenses
- Aorist
- Preterite
- Future
- Optative
- Latentive
- Conjunctive
- Compound conjunctive
- Conditional
- Imperative
- Conjugations
- First conjugation [vowel stems]
- Comments to the paradigms
- Durative derivational suffix
- Second conjugation [consonant stems]
- j-stems
- n-stems
- l-stems
- m-stems
- ŋ-stems
- r-stems
- Passive and reflexive verbs
- Auxiliary verb
Editor’s introduction
The text serving as the basis for the grammar here is on pages 115–155 of the second volume.
Text in black is Castrén’s (original or translated into English, sometimes both, separated by a slash), text in grey is the editor’s.
Verbs
Introduction from the combined grammar
Subjective and objective conjugation
G115 In all languages a distinction is made between transitive and intransitive verbs, but this distinction in other languages has little role in the inflection of verbs. Among the most remarkable phenomena of the Samoyedic language is the peculiarity that transitive verbs have a double conjugation, while intransitive verbs have a single conjugation. Of the double conjugation of transitive verbs, one can be called the substantive [objective], the other the verbal [subjective] conjugation. In the substantive state transitive verbs are usually used when no object is present, and sometimes also with an object, when it is indefinite as well to its character (quality) as, especially, to its amount (quantity). The verbal form belongs to the intransitive verbs, but is taken also by transitive verbs when they have an object, especially when this is by a numeral exactly determined to its amount. If the action concerns G116 a single object, the verb is always used in its verbal state, both in this and in the northern dialect. In the northern dialect one can distinguish in transitive verbs even four conjugations, depending on whether the verb is objectless, or has one, two or many objects. But for intransitive verbs also in that dialect there is only one conjugation, which is used also by the transitive verbs.
NB. The said distinction between the two conjugation patterns is in the Tomsk dialect not always strictly determined, while the substantive conjugation in transitive verbs and the verbal conjugation in intransitive verbs have become ‹confused?›.
NB. All transitive verbs (-u, verbal form) have also the intransitive substantive form, but not the other way around.
The differences between the substantive and the verbal conjugation are due to different personal suffixes, added to the stem of the verb. The personal suffixes for the substantive conjugation are exactly the same as for nouns in the nominative. The verbal conjugation takes partly nominal suffixes, partly, and in some persons completely, ‹own suffixes›.
The moods which do not take any personal suffixes are identical in each conjugation. [Castrén means here verbal nouns, which he peculiarly counts as moods.]
Narym
194 Verbs in -k
1. with one object
2. reflexive, e.g. čondak оделся
3. intransitive
Verbs in -p
1. with multiple objects
2. in transitive verbs
Ket
261 Between the two verbal forms [conjugations] in -u (for N -p) and -ng (for N -k) there is no definite difference. Both can be used as transitive, with or without an object. All verbs in -u also have the form -ng, but intransitive, reflexive and passive in -ng lack the form in -u. If a transitive verb is without an object (взял, дал, украл), the form in -u is always used, but if the verb has an object, the form in -ng is preferably used, especially when this object is determined by an attribute. Thus is deduced that the suffix -u [the objective conjugation]
1. announces transitive verbs
2. indicates the objectless form,
but the suffix -ng [the subjective conjugation] indicates
1. intransitive verbs
2. the determined form in transitive verbs.
In some words the form -u is used exclusively by transitive verbs, and -ng exclusively by intransitive verbs, e.g. [no examples given].
The simple form [= aorist?] announces the action completely undetermined (i all obestämdhet), without relation, and does not express if the action is perfected or not = the undetermined form (den bestämningslösa formen). Of this there are two forms: the objectless and the objective. The objectless form takes the usual nominal suffixes: -u, -l etc. The former is half nominal, half verbal. As soon as the verb takes a fixed shape, transitive or intransitive, it receives the suffix -ng. Note that intransitive verbs cannot take the suffix -u.
[Suffixes for the substantive (objective) conjugation]
| 1S | u (m, p) | 2S | l | 3S | d (t) |
| 1D | wi | 2D | li | 3D | di |
| 1P | ut | 2P | lэt | 3P | dэt |
[Suffixes for the verbal (subjective) conjugation]
G120 In the verbal [subjective] conjugation the verb takes the following suffixes:
| 1S | k (ng) | 2S | nd | 3S | (‹x?› or) k (n) |
| 1D | i | 2D | li | 3D | ág |
| 1P | ut | 2P | lэt | 3P | t, dэt |
Among these the suffixes for first and second person dual and plural ([i, ut, ] li, lэt) and third person plural (dэt) are common for both conjugations. The suffixes for the first and second person (k/ng and nd) also appear as suffixes for first and second person dative and prosecutive. 3S ends usually, as 1S, in k (ng), but omits the accent, in contrast to 1S. Sometimes 3S ends also in n, that seems to have developed from t?. 3D takes the usual suffix for dual of nouns, without adding a personal suffix. 3P t is just an abbreviation for the complete dэt.
Moods and tenses overview
G117 Both conjugations have the same moods, tenses, numbers and persons. The moods in the Tomsk dialect [Selkup] are the indicative, conjunctive, imperative, gerund, infinitive, participle [sic]. Among them the imperative has no character, and also the indicative preterite [= aorist] lacks any character. The conjunctive character in this dialect is ni, in the northern [Nenets] ji, which have their correspondence in Finnish ne.
G118 The gerund has as its marker le. As the infinitive, gu is added to the stem, which in the northern dialect [Nenets] is the future marker. The participle(s) has no common ‹marker›, but takes in different tenses different markers.
Tenses are three: preterite, present [both meaning the aorist] and future, among which, as earlier said, the preterite lacks a marker (and is in its meaning so undetermined, that both present and preterite can ‹be expressed?›). The pluperfect (plusquamperfectum) [meaning the preterite] is in this dialect ha or sa, which is added onto the stem itself, and corresponds in the northern dialect [Nenets] to sj, that here is added onto the personal endings for preterite. The future has the same character as gerund, and seems to be formed from this through ‹_› combining. Also is often used instead of future ‹...› [not written, Castrén has meant to mention the desiderative suffix.].
All these tenses are used only in the indicative mood.
The conjunctive makes in some dialects no difference in tense. In others are found apart from the preterite (present) also pluperfect, which adds the conjunctive marker to the preterite personal suffixes [Castrén means the compound conjunctive forms], e.g. G119 čadau jag brände / I burned: čadasau jag har bränt / I have burnt: conjunctive preterite čadeniu jag skulle bränna / I would burn: cadesawéne jag skulle hava bränt / I would have burnt.
[G118, deleted:] The imperative has apart from the present also a future, which has the marker l, [the optative] and in its inflection it is related to the future like the preterite indicative is to the pluperfect. [G119, replaced with:] The imperative has apart from the present tense a future that in some dialects is often found and is used instead of the present. The future imperative marker is like ‹the indicative› [?] and gerund ‹_› l, e.g. [no examples written].
In its inflection the preterite gerund agrees with the preterite indicative, like the future indicative shows an inflection similar to the pluperfect indicative, e.g. [no examples written]. [??]
Thus it is probable that both the future indicative and the imperative, and the gerund have developed from some different verbal form.
Also the gerund has two tenses: a present ending in le and a preterite that adds to the present gerund a suffix bele, in which forms one can recognize the marker ba of the [left unwritten] form with appended gerund suffix.
G120 The present or preterite participle suffix is dal (*di), as in adjectives, and the future [participle is] ha, sa or with suffix sódi, sotti.
Numbers
Numbers are for verbs, as for nouns, singular, dual and plural.
Moods and tenses
[Note: Castrén gives no specific descriptions of the moods other than their name, and only occasionally a Russian translation. The Swedish translations are not supposed to be equal to the meaning of the form (e.g. the Selkup 1S form that is used as a lexeme is usually translated with the Swedish infinitive).]
Aorist
[Castrén labels the aorist for verbs of durative aspect ‘present’, as they are translated with the Russian present. For verbs of momentane aspect he labels it ‘preterite’, translated as Russian preterite, occasionally differenced from the preterite by adding “now”, e.g. amnap съел (nu / now) (cf. preterite afak съел (förut / then, earlier). In the combined grammar he introduces the term “aorist”. In GSL the names for the tenses are completely removed, and the aorist is referred to only as “first tense”.]
[For example lists of forming the aorist, see under the preterite]
Narym
121 Many verbs lack the present of the simple form [= the aorist expresses the past in verbs of momentane aspect], but have instead two preterites: a) perfective [aorist], b) pluperfective, with the marker h [preterite]. The simple form expresses a simple action.
Preterite
[Castrén labels the preterite for verbs of durative aspect “preterite”, as they are translated with the Russian preterite. For verbs of momentane aspect he labels it pluperfect, translated with the Russian preterite, distinguished from the aorist by adding “earlier”, e.g. afak съел (förut / then, earlier) (cf. aorist amnap съел (nu / now). Occasional translations: [N] 37 mándšahap мерил (давно) (cf. mándšap мерил (теперь)), auoldšahap забыл (там далёко) (cf. auoldšap забыл (тут)), NP 343 taarnam делил (now) (preterite tarssam делил (earlier)), 344 tuggam запер (preterite tussam запер (earlier)). In the combined grammar he consequently uses “plusquamperfectum”, in GSL “second tense”.]
Narym
-hap earlier — -nap now, in the preterite:
[Examples of preterite formation where translations are provided:]
[Verbs of durative aspect:]
činnap топчу: čissap топтал 218, 224, elnak шагаю: elsak (-ss-) шагал 218, tabarnap пинаю: tabarhap пинал 223, njornap гоню: njorhap гонил 217, гонял 223, pydarnap слежу: pydarhap следил 223, edernap берегу: ederhap берег 223, mirnap -ю: mirhap строгал 223, hadarnak брожу: hadarhak бродил 223, njäšernak катаюсь: njäšerhak катался 223, auarnak ем: auarhak ел 217, 223, handšernak играю: handšerhak играл 223, kunarnak [убега]-ю, [убе]-гу: kunarhak убежал 223, tuernak ворую: tuerhak воровал 17, urnak купаюсь: urhak купался 223
[Verbs of momentane aspect:]
amnap съел: afap (förut) 217, 223, č̢eunnap клеил (nu): čeussap = čeuhap (-hh-) клеил (förut) 218, 224, nagernap skriva (nu): nagerhap писал (förut) 217, 223, tarnap разделил: tarhap разделил 217, 223, šiernap надел: šierhap надел 217, 223, häbernap рвал: häberhap рвал 217, 223, ödernak напился: öderhak напился 223, pangannap клал = pangassap 224, ellannak шагнул: ellasak шагнул 218, hakuap отведал = hakuhap 223, koap нашел: kohap 217, tuap запер = tuhap 223, čoap мазал = čohap 223, iap взял = ihap 223, töak пришел= töhak 223, kuak умер = kuhak 223
Ket
262 The preterite denotes that the action has happened long ago.
Future
[Castrén uses consistently the term “future”. Translations are rarely given: N 180 ela будет, čangula не будет, 55 ärablage стареть буду, 187 pargolébe сплетаю, сплетать буду, försöka fläta / I will braid, I try to braid, 139 ablebe съем, 187 šergulage захожу, Ob 431 aamdalaksi сидeть стану, 453 kondalaks спать стану, 444 melaks дам, Č 313 tjaatlepse (-ä) после [зажгу], tjaatlestä он после зажигать будет (пусть зажгет) / he will light later (let him light), 316 meleus после отдаю, K 275 illakse вперед живу, 278 eelakʃe я после буду / I will be later, Jel. 360 milaps дам, B 379 mat pîat tjaateläps я может зажгу / I might light it, 361 tyyläkse приду, Taz E457 kipa kum ésang, warǥ kum élakʃe [I was a small man, I will be a big man].]
Optative
[Castrén does not fully recognize the optative as a mood (see below). Optatives appear frequently as alternatives to the imperative, mostly for 2S, sometimes called “future imperative”, and as alternatives to the future, also labelled “future”. Translations are rare, though once is clearly stated: 6 ilut возмём (теперь) [let’s take] (cf. future iluhe возмём (после) [we will take]).]
[G118, deleted:] The imperative has apart from the present also a future, which has the marker l, and in its inflection it is related to the future like the preterite indicative is to the pluperfect. [G119, replaced with:] The imperative has apart from a present tense a future that in some dialects is often found and is used instead of the present. The future imperative marker is like ‹indicative› [?] and gerund ‹litt. lig.› l, e.g. [no examples written].
GSL638: NB. The simple ‹future?› in leu and lang in Ket and Taz dialects.
GSL643: NB. In Ket and Taz dialects ‹_› future in leu (lem) and lang.
G132 An explanation to the highly variant forms in the future is that the language earlier had, and still partly has, a simpler form [the optative], to which the future relates in the same way as the pluperfect [preterite with -s-] relates to aorist. This form ends in -leu (-lep), -lang, -lak and appears e.g. in 2S of imperative [= optative]. In other persons it is rarely used. From this is formed the future with the pluperfect marker he, which is mostly added behind the personal suffix.
Narym
194 The 2S imperative takes for transitives: [optative] -lel, e.g. [imperative] tart or [optative] talel, [imperative] péd or [optative] pelel seek, [imperative] wačed or [optative] wačelel lift, [imperative] togoldšed or [optative] togoldšelel.
The 2S imperative takes for intransitives: [optative] -lend: [imperative] lera͑k or [optative] lerlend, [imperative] häldšek or [optative] häldšelend.
Ob
433 mannembaleb (MO -leu) я смотреть стану [let me watch it], 435 kö́skulak пущай пойду / let me go, 431 k͔ondalae поди спать станем / let’s go to bed, 435– tykolae, tykolai låt oss flyga ned; må vi gå / let’s fly down; let’s go [ɔ: let’s descend], 459 suvamdšelut помиримся / let’s make peace.
Čulym
313 [Labelled future 1 = imperative] tjaatléu я пусть зажгу (стану з[ажигать]): tjaatlyi пусть мы зажгем.
Ket
263 [Labelled future = imperative = present conjunctive] tjaadêleu, tjaadeléu jag skall nu bränna, jag må nu bränna / I will now burn, let me now burn (MO tjaadeléu: -elél etc.) This form has in the first person the future meaning, in the second person the imperative meaning, [concerning MO:] but it seems not to be used in the third person. [As third person forms in the MO paradigm imperatives of the inchoative derivation ćātälə- are given, with a question mark. The K paradigm has optative forms: tjaadêlet etc.]
Taz
426 amarlang есть стану [as an alternative to amarlakse (no translation)].
Latentive
[Castrén does not recognize latentive as a mood, but provides for some dialects paradigms where it is considered a derivation like the durative and the desiderative. As translations are seldom provided, it is almost impossible to separate latentive forms from the derivational suffix ntə, which by Castrén seemed to be productive.]
Narym
121 The marker nd expresses the determined form, without any relation (aoristus): alčendak упал, čadendap огонь наклал.
[Castrén paradigmizes a form in ntə, which he mostly calls a “determined form” (bestämd form) (on 213 however: “Marker -nd-: undetermined form (obestämd form)”, which is a more appropriate name). However, he confuses the mood with the intransitive/imperfective derivation ntə, which is otherwise rare, found mostly in petrified forms, but which by Castrén seems to be fully productive. The paradigms with ntə are usually latentive, but the forms conjugated in moods, as verbal nouns, or further derived (like with the desiderative: Nm 123 cadannensap хочу [жигать], “can take all forms, but not in all words”) contain the intransitive/imperfective derivation, if these are not artificially created by Castrén. There are no translations expressing the meaning of the latentive, it is only stated that the translation is the same as for the aorist (not changing tense or transitivity):]
217 Those in -rak (-p) take a form -rnap (-k) [sic!, meant -rndap] in the same tense: kerap драл: -rndap (preterite), lerak пою: -rndak (present), (peak fånga: -ndak), čurak gråter = čurndak.
[Examples of ntə forms where translations are provided:]
pydarhap следил: -nap: -tap слежу 223, ederhap берег: -nap: -rtap берегу 223, mirhap строгал: -nap: -rtap строгаю 223, njorhap гонял: -nap: -rtap гоняю 223, njäšerhak катался: -rnak катаюсь: -rtak катался 223, hadarhak бродил: -rnak брожу: -rtak бродил 223, auarhak ел: -rnak ем: -rtak ел 223, handšerhak играл: -rnak играю: -rtak играл 223, šerhak зашел: -rnak зашел = -rtak 223, kunarhak убежал: -rnak -ю, -гу = -rtak 223, lérak пою = lerndak 223, č̢urak плачу = čurndak 223, lerílpak по маленько пою: lerilpandak id. 198, kadolešpaendak чешу 198, pöčešpa͑ndak грею 198, nekalešpandak тяну 198, auarešpandak кушаю 198, kerešpandak деру по маленько 198.
[See also examples under the continuative suffixes in the section Derivations.]
[On page 195 a suffix ntə (meant as the intransitive/imperfective derivation) is at first claimed to replace the continuative suffix for some verbs. Most or all forms are latentives:]
195 The determined form in -ndap, -dak: peap ищу: pendak ищу, njoap гоню: njondap гоняю, čöap стеляю: čöndak стреляю, puap дую: pundak дую, tiap ругаю: tindak ругаю, negeap тяну: negendap тяну, tuap запер: tundap запер, iap взял: indap взял, tänuap знаю: tänundap знаю, hakuap отведал: -ndap отведал, töak пришел: töndak пришел, tuak гребу: tundak гребу.
196 Verbs in -rak also take the suffix -ndak, e.g. lerak пою: lerndak пою (not -špak), čurak плачу: čurndak (not -špak), kerap драл: kerndap драл or -rešpap -ю. NB. auarešpak ем. [Elsewhere continuative suffixes are given also for the words here claimed not to have them: lerešpak пою 133, čurešpak 31, 222]
Ob
450 šta kuattap убил тебя / I killed you, 448 čočended поставил, 435 töndak пришел, 435 töm(m)and пришли (= tömba), 441– adênd, atand виден, är synlig / is visible, 451 kalandut остались. [All instances of the latentive are translated like the aorist, nowhere has the informant tried to express the meaning of the mood.]
Čulym
314 tjádšĕndam я ведь топил (visst eldade jag, hur kan du tvivla därpå? såg du ej?) / I did fire (I surely fired, how can you doubt that? did you not see?)
313 Aorist keram снимал: latentive kerndam тут (точно) снимал (aorist of the durative derivation kermbam снято).
316 keram: kerndam в ту пору снимал (cf. desiderative keréndam снимать хочу), tjaačam: tjaačendam в ту пору стрелял.
Ket
261 The [form corresponding to the] Russian determined form ends in -ndau. A few words of this form have the suffix -ndang, with present meaning, e.g. tiindang браню, tundang вожу, kăndang озяб [sic]. Otherwise for the transitive both forms -ndau and -ndang are used as usual.
262 [comparison of aorist and latentive, but without translations:]
komdem iau [I took the money] — tom [sic, ?ɔ: ton] komdem indang (iau) [see, I took ?hundred rubles?]
tym kaptau [I put out the fire] — oker tym kaptendau [see, I put out a fire]
kyndem orannau [I grabbed the horse] — oker kynde oraldšang [see, I grabbed a horse]
275 [note translation in the past:] ilndang чуть жил, 278 eendang был.
NP
314 tjaattíndšendam зажигаю (from ‘future or inchoative’[desiderative] tjattindšam).
Baiha
380 tjáadendam наклал огонь (cf. [desiderative] tjaaténdšam зажгу).
Taz
419 The “determined form” (bestämd form) is rather unstable, but coincides [phonetically] easily with the future [desiderative].
[Examples where translations are provided:]
E481 iramnang стар стал: iramtang id., ooromnang = ooromtang вырос, E418 monnam: mottam стегал (cf. desiderative motčam), E483 uunnjang куропатки промышляю: uuttjang id., langennjang заревел: langettjang id., E481 alčang упал: alčendang id., aankang (-ng-) зеваю: aangendang id., ilang живу: ilendang id., îtam весил: îtendam повесил, îttétjam на час повесил?: ittétjendam повесил, E418 kuetjendam оставил (cf. desiderative kuetjändšam), E418 puundam дул (cf. desiderative puundšam), mindam дал (cf. desiderative mindšam), E481 iingam [взял]: iindam взял (cf. desiderative iičam), meengam сделал: meendam делал (desiderative meečam), E418 šynnam: šyttam шил (cf. desiderative šytčam).
Conjunctive
[Consistently called the conjunctive by Castrén.]
G117 The conjunctive marker in this dialect [Selkup] is ni, in the northern [Nenets] ji, which have their correspondence in Finnish ne. [Note: Finnish “potential” -ne- is the etymological counterpart. Functionally the Selkup conjunctive corresponds to the Finnish “conditional” -isi-.]
Narym
[The few translations are Russian бы-forms: 175 amdanik я бы сидел, 176 koannip я бы ловил. The Russian particle бы, unnecessary for Selkup, is used with the mood: 175 NB. The subject takes, after Russian, a pî or bî, e.g. matpî amdanik [I would sit].]
Ket
278 eeneng я бы был.
[On 263 the name “conjunctive” is changed to “optative imperfective” (“marker ne, as in German”).]
Compound conjunctive
[Castrén has attested the compound of the preterite verb form + ēnä, the 3S conjunctive of ē- ‘to be’, from MO, K, NP, B and Taz (not from N or Č). It is used as the past conjunctive: “olisin ollut; I would have been” (plain conjunctive “olisin; I were”), but in the Tundra dialect, where the plain conjunctive is no longer used, it is used in both meanings.]
G118 The conjunctive shows in some dialects no difference in tense. In others one finds apart from a preterite (present) also a pluperfect, which adds the conjunctive marker to the preterite personal suffixes, e.g. G119 [aorist] čadau jag brände / I burned it: [preterite] čadasau jag har bränt / I have burnt: conjunctive preterite čadeniu jag skulle bränna / I would burn: [conjunctive pluperfect] cadesawéne jag skulle hava bränt / I would have burnt.
GSL637: NB. Compound conjunctive -sawene or -samene in Ket and Taz dialects (composed from -sau, -sam and ene).
MO
264 tjaatsaw‿éne etc. [In parallel with the K paradigms.]
Ket
264 tjáadesaw‿éne etc. Pluperfect conjunctive. NB. éne added to the preterite.
NP
324 Pluperfect conjunctive:
1S eissang einni я бы здесь был [I would have been]: 2S eissand einni: 3S eissan einni etc.
NB. The third person imperfective conjunctive einni is added to the preterite indicative.
Baiha
378 tjaatesam‿éne etc. The conjunctive is only formed from the pluperfect.
Taz
E460 [...] subjunctive -säm‿éne.
Conditional
[Only when Castrén reached Turuhansk did he find out that the conditional is a living mood. Thus, the conditional is missing in all grammars except for Taz. The only occurrence of the conditional in the other dialects is the third person ēmmə, used to construct indefinite pronouns]
Taz
E460 Conjunctive present. The marker is in disyllabic words -mmäm (-ng), in multisyllabic words -mäm (-ng). This is a conditional mood which implies both present and future (to express the preterite the common subjunctive -säm‿éne is used).
E459 tjaade(m)mäm om jag gör eld / if I light (tjaadam). [Further examples in the Taz paradigms.]
Imperative
[Castrén calls the mood imperative, the translations are imperatives for the second person, for the third person no translations at all are found. As alternatives optatives are often given, which in the middle dialects are used as “polite imperatives”.]
GSL640: The formation of persons in the imperative shows in Ostyak-Samoyed mostly the same peculiarities as the other Samoyedic languages. Among these are the fact that the first-person imperative is missing, and must be replaced with other forms. The second person is also here formed with peculiar personal suffixes: in the first class [subjective conjugation] with k, ng, in the second [objective conjugation] with d, t. In the 2S the imperative has the same personal suffix as in other finite moods, but for the 2P it has a specific affix ad. The 3S imperative takes in the first kind [subjective conjugation] the affix i, while the a disappears, e.g. čondap I covered: 3S imperative čondi. From this form seems to be formed the third person affixes for the dual iaǥ, imdi and for the plural iamdet (iamtte, iepten). The precative, common in Yurak and Tawgy and close to the imperative standing mood, I have not found in Ostyak-Samoyed.
Conjugations
G123 Between the declension and conjugation of words, the most consistency prevails in Samoyedic. The northern dialect [Nenets] has three declensions and the same amount of conjugations. In the southern dialect [Selkup] there are only two declensions, and for this reason also the conjugations are only two. The first conjugation contains all verbs where the stem ends in a vowel, while to the second belong those whose stem ends in a consonant. Moreover, the position of the accent and the character of the final consonant will cause the same changes and peculiarities in the conjugation as in the declension, although the division into classes for nouns cannot be made in the conjugation.
To distinguish the two verbal classes that in the Tomsk dialect of Samoyedic in a natural way form each a conjugation, n, (t) serves as a marker [the t is put in brackets, but not deleted] which in the aorist tense follows the final consonant of the stem in the second conjugation, [deleted examples: siernak to enter, stem sier, cf. lerak I sing, stem lêra of the first conjugation, parnap to twine, stem part [sic], cf. kêrap to flay, stem kera (kerэ)] G124 and serves as usual as a replacement for the aspiration. All verbs that belong to the second conjugation thus end in the 1S aorist in -nap (-nau, ‹-nak›), but to the first conjugation belong verbs in -ap (-ak) with a preceding vowel or any consonant except n. In the second conjugation the final stem consonant often becomes assimilated, both in the aorist and in other tenses and moods, but is easily retrieved in other moods, in particular in the second person [singular] imperative.
GSL634-637 Table of personal suffixes:
Indicative
First tense [aorist]
|
1 conjugation |
2 conjugation |
||||
| [subjective] | [objective] | [subjective] | [objective] | ||
| 1S | ak (ang) | ap (au, am) | 1S | nak | nap etc. |
| 2S | and | al | |||
| 3S | — (ek, ыk, eng, ыng, egan, an) | ed (ad, at, ыd, ыt, et) | |||
| 1D | ai (aui) | ai (aui) | |||
| 2D | eli (ali, ыli) | eli (ali, ыli) | |||
| 3D | ag (age) | edi (adi, ыdi) | |||
| 1P | ut (aut, ot) | ut (aut, ot) | |||
| 2P | elet (alet, alt, elt, ыlt) | elet (alet, alt, elt, ыlt) | |||
| 3P | adet (att, atte, atten) | adet (att, atte,atten) |
Second tense [preterite]
|
1 conjugation |
2 conjugation |
||||
| [subjective] | [objective] | [subjective] | [objective] | ||
| 1S | hak (sang) | hap (sau, sam) | 1S | sak (hak) | sap (hap) |
| 2S | hand (sand) | hal (sal) | |||
| 3S | hi (si, s, sa, san) | hed (het, (deleted: hыd, hыt), sed, set, (deleted: sыd,sыt) | |||
| 1D | hai (sai, so) | hai (sai, so) | |||
| 2D | heli (hali, (deleted: hыli), seli, sali (deleted: sыli) | heli [etc.] | |||
| 3D | hag (sag) | hedi (deleted: hыdi), hadi, sedi, (deleted: sыdi), sadi | |||
| 1P | hut (saut, sot) | hut (saut, sot) | |||
| 2P | helet (halet, halt, (deleted: hыlt, hыlet), selet, selt (deleted: sыlt, sыlet), salt | helet [etc.] | |||
| 3P | hadet (hatt, hatte, hatten, sadet, satt, satte, satten) | hadet [etc.] |
Third tense [future]
|
1 conjugation |
2 conjugation |
||||
| [subjective] | [objective] | [subjective] | [objective] | ||
| 1S | lage (lakse, laks) | lebe (lefe (lef), lepsi, leps, leus) | 1S | lage etc. | lebe etc. |
| 2S | lende (lendes) | le (lesi) | |||
| 3S | la (les) | lede (lde) (lessi, leset, lest) | 3S | la etc. | |
| 1D | lahi (laisi, lais, losi) | lahi [etc.] | |||
| 2D | lelihe (lelesi (lelʃi), leseli) | lelihe [etc.] | |||
| 3D | laǥe (lagasi, laks (leagasi) | ledihe (ldihe) (ledetsi, leset, (leste, laseti deleted), leste, letsen | |||
| 1P | luhe (laussi, lossi, losut) | luhe [etc.] | |||
| 2P | lele (lelesʃi, leleset (lelset) | lele [etc.] | |||
| 3P | lade (lede‹t›si, leset, leste, letsen) | lade [etc.] |
Conjunctive
|
1 conjugation |
2 conjugation |
||||
| [subjective] | [objective] | [subjective] | [objective] | ||
| 1S | nik (ning) | nip (neu, nem) | 1S | nik etc. | nip etc. |
| 2S | nind (nend) | nil (nel) | |||
| 3S | ni (ne) | nid (ned, net, nit) | |||
| 1D | nivi (nei) | nivi (nei) | |||
| 2D | nili (neli) | nili (neli) | |||
| 3D | niag (neag) | nidi (nedi) | |||
| 1P | niut (neut) | niut (neut) | |||
| 2P | nilet (nelet, nelt, nilt) | nilet (nelet, nelt, nilt) | |||
| 3P | niadet (niatte, niatten, nette, netten) | niadet (niatte, niatten, nette, netten) |
Imperative
|
1 conjugation |
2 conjugation |
||||
| [subjective] | [objective] | [subjective] | [objective] | ||
| 2S | ek | ed (et) | 2S | ek | t, d etc. |
| 2D | eli (ali, ыli) | eli (ali, ыli) | |||
| 2P | ad (at (NB.)) | ad | |||
| 3S | i (ian) | imd | |||
| 3D | iag | imdi | |||
| 3P | iamdet (iepten, iamtte) | iamdet (iepten, iamtte) |
First conjugation [vowel stems]
G125 In verbs of the first conjugation the aorist suffix -au (-ak) can be preceded by either a vowel or a consonant. In the former case the final vowel of the stem is accented [full vowel], in the latter it lacks an accent and consists originally of a half vowel [reduced vowel]. Thus the verbs of the first conjugation are divided into two classes like the nouns of the first declension. But the verbs that thus belong to the first class preferably take one of the letters u, g between the vowels of the stem and of the suffix, and are inflected almost like verbs of the second class, but with specific deviations in different dialects. For this reason verbs that properly [sic] belong to the second class will, due to their greater regularity, be used as a basis for the inflection.
G126 In verbs of the first conjugation, which do not accent the final syllable, it will during inflection become either accented and take the connecting vowel a, or unaccented, in which case the connecting vowel is э. The position of the accent is not completely consistent across all verbs of this class, but in most words the inflection is regular, as the following paradigms show:
Objective conjugation
[Note: The example verb ćātə- ‘to light’ of the original grammars has here been replaced with ćōntə- ‘to cover’. The endings are probably mostly taken from the paradigms of ćātə-.]
Indicative
| 1S | čóndàp (čondau, čondam) | 2S | čóndàl | 3S | čónded (-t) |
| 1D | č̢óndài (č̢óndò, GSL645: čondawî) | 2D | č̢óndeli (č̢óndáli) | 3D | č̢óndedi |
| 1P | č̢óndùt (cóndàut, GSL645: čondot) | 2P | č̢óndêlэt (-dэlt) (cóndált) | 3P | č̢óndádэt (-dátt) (condattэ, GSL645: čondatten) |
Pluperfect
| 1S | čóndêhàp (čondesau, -sam) | 2S | čóndêhàl (-sal) | 3S | čóndêhed (-t, -îhîd) (-sed) |
| 1D | čóndêhài (čondesó, GSL645: čondesai) | 2D | čóndêhêlì (-hîlî) (condesáli, -seli) | 3D | čóndêhêdì (GSL645: čondesedi) |
| 1P | čóndêhùt (čondesòt, čondesàut) | 2P | čóndêhêlêt (-hэlt) (čondesált) | 3P | č̢óndehádэt (-hátt) (čondesattэ or -ttэn) |
[With the great differences between the dialects, this cluttered combined paradigm is of no value. See the original grammars. Note that Č (and MO) show false constructions in the dual and plural by adding personal suffixes to the 3S form.]
| 1S | [N] čóndêlébe (čondelefé, [Nm] condelef, [NP] čondelepsí (čondelipsi) or [K] -leps, [Č] condelèus) [I will cover] |
| 2S | čóndêlé (čondelessí (-lissi) or -less) |
| 3S | čóndeldé (čóndelessí, -lesэt or -lest) |
| 1D | čóndelahí (condelàisi or -lais, čondelosí, condeleзi, -lyзy) |
| 2D | čóndelelihé (čondelelesí or -lelзi, condelaseli) |
| 3D | čóndeldihé (čondeledesi, čondelesti, čondelaseti) |
| 1P | č̢óndeluhé (čondelaussi, čondelossi, condelóssö, condelosut, condeleзut |
| 2P | čóndelelé (čondelélessí, condeléleset, čondelelзet, čondeleselt) |
| 3P | č̢óndeladé (condeledetsi, condeleset, condeletsen, -lestэ) |
Conjunctive
| 1S | č̢ondêníp | 2S | condeníl | 3S | c̢ondenid (-t) |
| 1D | condeníwi | 2D | condeníli | 3D | condenídi |
| 1P | condeníut | 2P | condenílt (-lэt) (čondeniltэ) | 3P | cóndeníadэt (čondeniatt (-ttэ)) |
[K:]
| 1S | condeneu ([Č] -nem) | 2S | condenel | 3S | -ne‹t› |
| 1D | -nei | 2D | -neli | 3D | -nedi |
| 1P | -neu‹t› | 2P | -nelэt | 3P | -nettэ ([Č] -эn) |
Imperative
| 2S | č̢ónd‹è?é?›d (čondét, [K] condé, (optative condelel)) |
| 2D | čóndêlì (čondali, (optative condeléli (?) (question mark by Castrén))) |
| 2P | cóndàd (optative čondelélэt) |
| 3S | čóndìmd |
| 3D | čondimdì |
| 3P | čondiamdэt ([Č] čondiepten, [OO] condiamttэ) |
Infinitive čondegu
Gerund
Present cóndelè
Preterite condelébele (condeleble)
Participle
Aorist ††čóndendàl? (or c̢adedal [from ćātə- ‘to light’]) [both marked as correct] (††condendje, -ndie, -ndi)
Future condehà (condessá, -ssódy (-sodi?), -ssödyö)
[deleted: Passive ††condemba]
Subjective conjugation
Indicative
[Note: The verb here is either the same transitive ćōntə- ‘to cover’ in the subjective conjugation, or, as the form [K] čóndegàn shows, the reflexive ćōnti- ‘to cover oneself’.]
| 1S | čondàk (condang) | 2S | [K] čondànd or [N, Č] connand | 3S | čóndeng (čóndegàn, GSL645: čondek, čondan, čonde) |
| 1D | čondài (condó, condaui) | 2D | čóndeli (condáli) | 3D | čondàǥ (condàǥe (-ǥi)) |
| 1P | čondut (condàut, condot) | 2P | čondelэt (condalэt, condalt) | 3P | čondadэt (see above) |
Pluperfect
| 1S | čondêhák (čondêsang) | 2S | čondehánd (-sand) | 3S | čóndehi (čóndês, čondeзà or -зàn, -hàn) |
| 1D | čóndehài | 2D | čóndehelì | 3D | čondeháǥ (condesáǥe (-ǥi)) |
| 1P | čondehut (see above) | 2P | čondehelэt | 3P | condêhádэt |
| 1S | čondelagé (condelákse, -laks) | 2S | čondelendé (condeléndes) | 3S | cóndêlá (č̢óndeles) |
| 1D | condelahì (čondelais, -lósi, -lyзy) | 2D | condêlealihè (condelélesi, -laseli) | 3D | čondelaǥé (condeléaǥasi, -laǥasi, -lak͔s) |
| 1P | condeluhé̀ (č̢ondelossí, -lössö, -losut, GSL645: čondelaussi) | 2P | condelalé̀ (condelélesʃi, -leleset, -leselt) | 3P | condêladè (condelédetsi, -letsen, -leset) |
Conjunctive
| 1S | condênìk | 2S | condenínd | 3S | condení |
| 1D | condeníwi | 2D | condenili | 3D | condeniag |
| 1P | condeniut | 2P | condenilэt | 3P | condeniádэt (GSL645: condeniatte, condeniatten, čondenietten) |
[K:]
| 1S | condeneng | 2S | -nénd | 3S | -né |
| 1D | -néi | 2D | -néli | 3D | -néaǥe |
| 1P | -neut | 2P | -nelêt (-lt) | 3P | nettэ ([Č] -n) |
Imperative
| 2S | čóndêk (-эk) ([optative condelénd] | 2D | čóndêli | 2P | condád |
| 3S | condì (condìan) | 3D | condiàǥ (condiàǥe) | 3P | condiámdэt (condièptэ or see above) |
Infinitive čondêgù
Gerund
Present condelè
Preterite condelébele
Participle
Aorist ††čondendal
Future [K] condessa etc.
Comments to the paradigms
G131 The inflection of verbs is, as the paradigms above and their comments show, in the different dialects very divergent. Even in the same dialect several forms can be heard simultaneously, e.g. preterite -hap, -sau, -sam, future -lebe, -lefe, -lepse etc. Several are mutually so divergent that their context ought to be especially noted through the following remarks.
1. The 3S aorist čondegan has so developed that to the stem čonde has been added the suffix an (which is used also in the pluperfect besides a) and then joined with g as described above.
2. The [K] 1D in -o and 1P in -ot have probably developed from contraction aui > oi > o, aut > ot.
3. The 3SS in the pluperfect in -hi has developed from the unaccented -a (for -ha, -he, -hi). This form is, although regular, not much used.
4. In the 3P the form in -tt (-ttэ) is mostly used, which has developed through omission of the suffix vowel (dэt > dt > tt).
5. G132 An explanation for the very varying forms in the future is that the language earlier had, and still partly has, a simpler form [the optative], to which the future relates in the same way as the pluperfect [preterite with -s-] relates to the aorist. This form ends in -leu (-lep), -lang, -lak and appears e.g. in the 2S of the imperative [= the optative alternatives in the paradigm above]. In other persons it is rarely used. From this is formed the future with the pluperfect marker he, which is mostly added behind the personal suffix (partly merged with h to f) and dialectally either disappeared or transformed into s (з), e.g.
1. 1SO condelebè for *condelephe (from which condelefe through deletion of h), *condelebe or *condeleuhe, *condeleuʃe, *condeleus (through transformation of h into s: čondelepse, -leps).
2. 1SS čondelagè, prop. *condelakhe (from which [*]condelaghe, -lage), condelakse, -laks.
3. 2SO čondelé, for *condelelhe (from which [*]čondelelè, [*]condellé, condelé) or [*]condelelse (from which čondelesse, -lessi, -less)
4. 2SS condelénde, prop. *condelendehe (from which čondendendé [sic!] or -ndes) etc.
5. G133 The imperative 2SS still has a certain peculiar aspiration, which resembles an accent [... sentence not finished].
6. Participle dše in the lower dialect [N] = die, dje, e.g. lerádše singer, cf. the adjectives. [Note: This peculiar word is no participle]
7. In the Ket dialect mutae become doubled, also in suffixes.
8. ‹The connecting vowel alternates in the Čulym and OO dialect›.
9. [Deleted:] In most dialects the final stem vowel is usually omitted when it lacks accent and the consonants allow it, e.g. tjaacam for tjaadesam.
10. The conjunctive pluperfect belongs to the Ket dialect, and is formed thus: [no examples given].
11. To the dialects belong also the circumstance that the unaccented e, which has developed from a and is a sound as undetermined as it is in the nouns, sometimes transforms into î (i). This happens in the lower dialect [N] almost always in verbs which have as a character č or ǯ, but often also in other words, e.g. [no examples given]. G134 [The earlier portion is not deleted, but clearly meant to be replaced by:] An inflection somewhat divergent from the previous paradigms is found in the lower dialect in verbs that have as character č or ǯ. They tend to change in unaccented syllables e to î, e.g. alcak [I fell] > álcîk. [Deleted: In multisyllabic words this change does not appear, e.g. oraldšap [I grasped]. This does not always happens, however, and is avoided when the next syllable contains any of the hard vowels a, o, u.]
GSL638: The third tense [future] shows severe deviations in its personal affixes. Properly the common personal affixes are included also in this form, but they have gone through specific changes, due to the fact that the personal affixes are not always added to the end of words as in other forms, but are often inserted between the two elements la, le and he, se of which the verb’s tense consists. But it is not only the personal affixes that change with this combination, but also the tense character itself undergoes many changes. Especially important is the fact that in the Narym dialect h is seldom preserved, but either is eluded or merges with the preceding consonant into an aspirated sound.
Thus has 1SS from the original la-k-se (laks) or la-k-he through elision of h become *lake and through consonant softening lage.
From 1SO le-p-se (leps, leus) or le-p-he through elision of h *lepe, through consonant softening lebe, besides which in some dialects [idioms of N] lephe through merger of p and h to f is changed to lefe (lef).
In 2SS lende is a contraction of le-nd-he, lendes from le-nd-se (lendese).
In 2SO le from l-lhe, lesi (les) from *lelse (-i) (lessi, less).
In 3SS la has also formed from contraction of laha, lha, les from lese.
In 3SO lede (lde) is formed from le-d-he, lesse from le-t-se; while [MO, Č] leset (lest) is constructed in such a way that the third-person affix t is added onto the end.
In 1D the original forms are represented by laisi (lais), losi. In the suffix [N] lahi (prop. laihe) the final i has the character of a personal affix.
2D le-li-he has not gone through any other change, than that la is as usual changed to le, but in lelesi instead of lelise the vowels of the two last syllables are reversed, and in [MO, Č] laseli the personal affix stands at the end.
3DS lage is contracted from laghe or lagahe and appears more complete in dialectal forms lagasi (prop. lagase), laks (prop. lakse or lagse).
In 3DO letihe or ledihe is an unchanged suffix, but in ledesi (for ledise) the last syllables are reversed, and [MO, Č] laseti (lesti) has taken the personal affix in the end.
1P luhe, prop. *luthe (*lauthe) has kept the tense character unchanged, but omitted the final t of the personal affix, that however dialectally appears in laussi, lossi (instead of *lautse, *lotse), and in [MO, Č] losut, that takes the proper personal affix in the end.
2P lele is a contracted form of lelethe (lelehe, lelhe), that accords most closely with the dialectal suffix lelesi (for *leletse), while in [MO, Č] leleset (lelset) instead of *leselet the affix let has been divided by the character se, and in the suffix leselt for leselet the vowel a of the personal affix has been eluded.
3P has from *ladethe or *latthe, *lathe shaped lade, through elision of h and softening of t to d. Thereto appears in some dialects more complete forms: ledetsi (prop. ledetse), [MO, Č] leset for *lesett or *lesedat, leste for *lesete and letsen for *lesten, *leseten.
Durative derivational suffix
G134 All verbs belonging here have the property of keeping the accent on the final syllable of the stem in the aorist, and thus keeping a unchanged. Here belong especially the derived forms in -bap (-bak) and -dap (-dak), e.g.
| 1S | ††condêmbàp | 2S | -bàl | 3S | -bád |
| 1D | ††-bái | 2D | -bali | 3D | -badi |
| 1P | -baut (-but) | 2P | -bált | 3P | -bádэt |
| 1S | ††condembak | 2S | ††condemband (††condemand) | 3S | ††condemba (-an) |
| 1D | ††-bai | 2D | -bai [sic, ɔ: -bali] | 3D | -bag |
| 1P | -baut (-but) | 2P | -balt | 3P | -bádэt |
[Note: The paradigm is falsely constructed from the original paradigm ćātəmpi- by just replacing the stem, not taking queue reduction in account.]
(In the same way are the words in -dap (-dak) conjugated, e.g. [no examples given])
G135 The other moods and tenses keep the accent on its usual position, e.g. ††condambehàp (or -bahap), infinitive ††condembegu, imperative ††čondembéd.
Intransitive verbs alter the vowels a and ê in the 2S imperative, e.g. eppak lie, amdak or amdêk sit, omttêk pray etc. It should also be noted that in these verbs a tends to become î in all the other suffixes (of the aorist) that in other verbs are unaccented, e.g. [no examples given, the paragraph is twice rewritten and questionmarked.]
Verbs with the character l or r belonging to this conjugation, like the nouns usually omit the connecting vowel in unaccented syllables, when the surrounding consonants allow it, e.g. kerap [I flayed], elak [I live]: preterite kerhap, elhak: future kerlebe, ellage: infinitive kergu, elgu etc., but imperative kerèd, (elak>) elèk [sic], keréšpap [I flay], lerédšak [I sang] etc.
Verbs that in K dialect take consonant strengthening:
First tense [aorist]
Subjective conjugation
| 1S | tjāttang I burned | 2S | tjattand | 3S | tjādeng |
| 1D | tjātto | 2D | tjāttali | 3D | tjāttag (-ge) |
| 1P | tjāttot | 2P | tjattalt | 3P | tjāttatte |
Objective conjugation
| 1S | tjattau | 2S | tjāttal | 3S | tjādet |
| 1D | tjātto | 2D | tjāttali | 3D | tjādedi |
| 1P | tjāttot | 2P | tjāttalt | 3P | tjāttatte |
Second tense [preterite]
Subjective conjugation
| 1S | tjādesang | 2S | tjādesand | 3S | tjādesan |
| 1D | tjādeso | 2D | tjādesali | 3D | tjādesage |
| 1P | tjādesot | 2P | tjadesalt | 3P | tjadesatte |
Objective conjugation
| 1S | tjādesau | 2S | tjadesal | 3S | tjādeset |
| 1D | tjadeso | 2D | tjadesali | 3D | tjadese‹di› |
| 1P | tjādesot | 2P | tjādesalt | 3P | tjadesatte |
Third tense [future]
Subjective conjugation
| 1S | tjādelakse | 2S | tjādelendes | 3S | tjādeles |
| 1D | tjadelosi | 2D | tjadelele‹s?з?›i | 3D | tjādelagasi |
| 1P | tjādelosʃi | 2P | tjādelelesʃi | 3P | tjādeledetsi |
Objective conjugation
| 1S | tjādelepsi | 2S | tjādelesʃi | 3S | tjādelesʃi |
| 1D | tjādelosi | 2D | tjādelelesi | 3D | tjādeledesi |
| 1P | tjādelosʃi | 2P | tjādelelesʃi | 3P | tjādeledetʃi |
Conjunctive
Subjective conjugation
| 1S | tjādeneng | 2S | tjadenend | 3S | tjādene |
| 1D | tjādenei | 2D | tjādeneli | 3D | tjādeneaǥ |
| 1P | tjadeneut | 2P | tjādenelt | 3P | tjadenette |
Objective conjugation
| 1S | tjādeneu | 2S | tjādenel | 3S | tjādenet |
| 1D | tjādenei | 2D | tjādeneli | 3D | tjādenedi |
| 1P | tjādeneut | 2P | tjādenelt | 3P | tjādenette |
Imperative
Subjective conjugation
| 2S | tjādek | 2D | tjāttali | 2P | tjāttat |
| 3S | tjāttian | 3D | tjāttiaǥe | 3P | tjāttiamdet |
Objective conjugation
| 2S | tjāttet | 2D | tjāttali | 2P | tjāttat |
| 3S | tjāttimd? | 3D | tjāttimdi? | 3P | tjāttiamdet |
Infinitive tjādegu
Gerund
1. tjādele
2. tjādelebele
G136 Verbs whose stem end in an accented vowel take the following changes in their inflection:
a) In the lower dialect [N] they add the personal suffixes immediately to the stem, and change often thereby the unaccented ê to î, e.g. njoam to hunt: njoal: njoîd (njoêd): njóîli (-êli) etc., peam to seek: peal: péîd: péai: péîli etc. All other moods and tenses are inflected regularly, e.g. preterite njóhàp, péhàp, future njólebe, pelebe, conjunctive njónip, imperative njod, njoimd etc. It should only be noted that the future in the second person dual and plural prefers contracted forms, e.g. njollihe, njolle.
b) If the final vowel is u, the unaccented suffix vowel is omitted already in the aorist, G137 e.g. tänùap to know: tänùal: tä´nud: tänuai: tänuli: tänudi: tänùt: tänult: tänùádэt; parkuak [I shout]: parkual: párkuk: párkuai: parkuli: parkuag etc. In the imperative (2SO) e will be preserved also in the transitive, and here is also changed ue, ui to ye, yi, e.g. tänyed: 3S tänyimd, parkuk shout, 3S parkyi, 3D tänyimdi, parkyiaǥ, 3P tänyiamdэt, parkuiamdэt. All other are regular, e.g. preterite tänuhap, ††parkusap, future tänulebe, parkulage, infinitive tänugu, parkugu etc.
c) Verbs whose stem end in a can in unaccented syllables omit a, which in particular happens by intransitive verbs, e.g. ljorga’ak I limp: 3S ljorgak, or change it to î (э), e.g. eppa’ak to press: 3S eppaîd (-эd): 2D eppaîli etc.
d) Verbs whose stem ends in a weak vowel can, with this dialect’s peculiar temperament, take a g before unaccented personal suffixes, e.g. iap I took: ial: iged he took: iai: igeli. An example of this is the auxiliary verb [ē- ‘to be’].
G138 In the upper dialect, partly also in the lower, verbs that end in an accented vowel take in the aorist indicative and the imperative before accented personal suffixes a consonant to separate the vowels. If the stem ends in o, u then a w is added before the suffix, but after all [other] vowels a g, e.g. njówau to hunt, puwau to blow, pégau to seek, igau [I took], malagau to gnaw etc. In their flexion they have nothing else peculiar, than that w and g in all unaccented suffixes is omitted, e.g. njówàm to hunt, pegam to seek: njowal, pegal: njoîd, peît: 1D njówai, pégai: njowali, pegali: njóîdi [sic], peîlî etc.
In the Ket dialect, and partly also in other dialects g, but not w, can be preserved across the whole aorist, and then instead of î they retain ê in the suffix, e.g. iged, peged: igedi, pegedi etc.
Subjective conjugation
| 1S | njoak I hunted | 2S | njoand | 3S | njoek |
| 1D | njoai | 2D | njoeli | 3D | njoedi |
| 1P | njout | 2P | njoelet | 3P | njoadet |
Objective conjugation
| 1S | njoap | 2S | njoal | 3S | njoed |
| 1D | njoai | 2D | njoeli | 3D | njoedi |
| 1P | njout | 2P | njoelet | 3P | njoadet |
Second tense [preterite]
| 1S | njohak |
| 1S | njohap |
Third tense [future]
| 1S | njolage |
| 1S | njolebe |
Conjunctive
| 1S | njonik |
| 1S | njonip |
Imperative
Subjective conjugation
| 2S | njoek | 2D | njoeli | 2P | njo‹dad?› |
| 3S | njoi | 3D | njoiag | 3P | njoiamdet |
Objective conjugation
| 1S | njod | 2D | njoeli | 2P | njoiad |
| 3S | njoimd | 3D | njoimdi | 3P | njoiamdet |
Infinitive njogu
Gerund
1. njole
2. njolebele
G139 Verbs whose stem end in the consonants [sic] u and i, change these vowels before an accented personal suffix in the aorist indicative and the imperative to j and w, e.g. kajam to cover, tawam to buy: [3SS] kajan, tawan: kaid, taut: 1D kajai, tawai: kaili, taudi: imperative kajed (-t), tawèd (-t) etc. However can i and u also before unaccented personal suffix be changed to j and w, which also often occurs. But before mood and tense characters they remain unchanged, e.g. [no examples given].
First tense [aorist]
Subjective conjugation
| 1S | kajak I covered | 2S | kajand | 3S | kajek |
| 1D | kajai | 2D | kajeli | 3D | kajag |
| 1P | kajut | 2P | kajelet | 3P | kajadet |
Objective conjugation
| 1S | kajap | 2S | kajal | 3S | kajed |
| 1D | kajai | 2D | kajeli | 3D | kajedi |
| 1P | kajut | 2P | kajelet | 3P | kajadet |
Second tense [preterite]
| 1S | kaihak |
| 1S | kaihap |
Third tense [future]
| 1S | kailage |
| 1S | kailebe |
Conjunctive
| 1S | kainik |
| 1S | kainip |
Imperative
Subjective conjugation
| 2S | kajek | 2D | kajeli | 2P | kajad |
| 3S | kaji | 3D | kajiag | 3P | kajiamdet |
Objective conjugation
| 2S | kajed | 2D | kajeli | 2P | kajad |
| 3S | kajimd | 3D | kajimdi | 3P | kajiamdet |
Infinitive kaigu
Gerund
1. kaile
2. kailebe
Second conjugation [consonant stems]
G140 Verbs of the second conjugation have stems ending in any of the consonants k (ng), t (n), p (m), l, r and can be distinguished in the aorist indicative from the verbs of the first conjugation by the character n. If this is preceded in the stem by t or l, both these letters will be assimilated with the following n to nn, e.g. čînnap [I press], prop. *čitnap, hepk͔annap [I hid], prop. *-lnap. The same assimilation also occurs in aorist by some verbs with the character nd that belong to this conjugation, e.g. pannap I put [Note: n-stem, Castrén thinks the stem ends in -nt-]. [Deleted: The same assimilation occurs also in the preterite and future indicative, conjunctive mood, gerund and sometimes in the participles. The plain stem is always found in the 2S imperative]. Also nn can be the actual original character. Verbs in k and p are also due to specific changes to their ending, but in verbs in r the stem remains unchanged.
When the stem ends in t, is everywhere during inflection changed tn to nn, ts to ss, tl (nl) to ll, tet to tt. G141 In the imperative the third person dual and plural are formed with the aid of n, like in the aorist. Otherwise the inflection is exactly like the first conjugation, e.g.
Objective conjugation
Indicative
| 1S | čînnàp [I press] | 2S | čînnàl | 3S | čî́nnêd |
| 1D | činnài | 2D | činnêlì | 3D | činnêdì |
| 1P | č̢innùt | 2P | č̢ínnэlэt (-lt) | 3P | č̢innádэt |
Pluperfect
| 1S | čîssàp | 2S | čîssàl | 3S | čî́ssêd |
| 1D | č̢issài | 2D | č̢issêli | 3D | č̢issedi |
| 1P | c̢issùt | 2P | c̢issêlt | 3P | c̢issádat |
Future
| 1S | č̢îllebè | 2S | č̢îllé | 3S | č̢î́lledè |
| 1D | č̢îllahi | 2D | č̢îllelihè | 3D | č̢illedihè |
| 1P | c̢illuhè | 2P | c̢illelè | 3P | c̢illadè |
Conjunctive
| 1S | c̢înnip | (GSL652: | 2S činnil | činnid etc.) |
Imperative
| 2S | č̢îtt (c̢îttэ, [optative č̢illel]) | 2D | c̢înneli | 2P | c̢înnad |
| 3S | c̢innimd | 3D | c̢înnimdi | 3P | c̢înniámdэt |
Infinitive č̢îtkù
Gerund
Present c̢îllè
Preterite č̢illebele
Participle
?Aorist c̢îttàl [sic, -à-]
Future č̢issà
Subjective conjugation
Indicative
| 1S | pönnàk [I got warm] | 2S | pönnàl | 3S | pö́nnêk, pönn, pönnan |
| 1D | pönnai | 2D | pönnêli | 3D | pönnag |
| 1P | pönnut | 2P | pönnêlt | 3P | pönnádэt |
Pluperfect
| 1S | pössak | 2S | pössal | 3S | pössêk, pöss, pössan |
| 1D | pössai | 2D | pössêli | 3D | pössaǥ |
| 1P | pössut | 2P | pösselt | 3P | pössádэt |
Future
| 1S | pöllage | 2S | pöllendè | 3S | pööllà [deleted: pöllesà] |
| 1D | pöllahi | 2D | pööllelihè | 3D | pöllàǥè [deleted: pöllelaǥì [sic]] |
| 1P | pölluhè | 2P | pöllelè | 3P | pölladè [deleted: pöllelade [sic]] |
Conjunctive
| 1S | pönnik etc. |
Imperative
| 2S | pödèk [sic, -è-] (pösêk [sic, from pȫj- if correct], [optative pöllel]) | 2D | pönnêli | 2P | pönnàd |
| 3S | pönni | 3D | pönniàǥ | 3P | pönniàmdэt |
Infinitive ?pötku (pösku [sic, from pȫj- if correct])
Gerund
Present pölle
Preterite pöllebele
Participle
Aorist pöttal
Future pössà
As the paradigm for the transitive form shows, the third person singular and dual take the auxiliary vowel e to prevent the two l:s from being lost, e.g. cilledè (cillde), čilledihè (cilldihè).
G144 In the 2S imperative of the same form the connecting vowel is omitted and the stem character t merges with the suffix d to tt.
[GSL651, ćī̮t- in subjective conjugation:]
First tense [aorist]
| 1S | činnak | 2S | činnand | 3S | činn‹an› |
| 1D | činnai | 2D | činn‹e›li | 3D | činna‹g?› |
| 1P | činnut | 2P | činnelet | 3P | činnadet |
Second tense [preterite]
| 1S | čissak | 2S | čissa‹nd› | 3S | čissi |
| 1D | čissai | 2D | čisʃeli | 3D | čisʃaǥ |
| 1P | čissut | 2P | čisselet | 3P | čissadet |
Third tense [future]
| 1S | čillage | 2S | čillende | 3S | čilla |
| 1D | čillahi | 2D | čillelihe | 3D | čillaǥe |
| 1P | čilluhe | 2P | čillele | 3P | čillade |
Conjunctive
| 1S | činnik | 2S | činnind | 3S | činni etc. |
Imperative
| 2S | či‹dek› | 2D | činneli | 2P | činnad |
| 3S | činni | 3D | činniag | 3P | činniamdet |
j-stems
The intransitive 2S imperative and the infinitive often take the character s. As a dialectal peculiarity in the lower dialect, it should be noted that the suffix -nap, -nak is transformed into -njau, -njan, and that the imperative in the transitive form takes -tjэ (and participle -tjê), in the intransitive form -sek. Other moods and tenses make their forms as usual, e.g. [Č] surunnjang: pluperfect -ssang: future ††-llebe: conjunctive surunnjeng: imperative suurusek: infinitive suurusku: gerund surulle: participle suurutje etc. [Note: -ll- should be -llj-, but Castrén often writes ľ with l, and these forms are so written in the original Č paradigms.]
GSL637: Some verbs take in the first tense indicative the suffix -njang, -njam instead of -nak, -nap, and also in the conjunctive -njeng, -njem instead of -neng (-nik), -neu (-nip). These verbs have stems ending in s, which in the indicative and conjunctive is changed to n, in third tense indicative and in the gerund to l, while s is preserved in the other forms, e.g. surunnjang: second tense surussang: third tense ††su‹rul›lage [sic]: conjunctive surunnjeng: imperative 2S surusek: infinitive surusku: gerund surulle. However, such verbs appear, according to my notes, only dialectally ‹...›.
n-stems
Verbs in -nnang, where n is the original final consonant, let ns be assimilated to ss, nl to ll, but otherwise are fully regularly inflected through all moods, tenses and persons, e.g. k͔uannak I went away: kuannand: kúannэ: kuannài: pluperfect kuassak: future kuallage: conjunctive kuannik: imperative kuanêk: infinitive kuangu: gerund kuallè: participle kuandal ([OO] kuandje): future participle kuassa. Similarly to these are inflected those in [nd replaced with:] n, in all moods and tenses except for the imperative (and aorist participle), where they take their original character, e.g. pannap [I put]: passap: pallebe: conjunctive pannip: imperative pand: infinitive pangu: gerund palle: participle pandal ([OO] *pandje): future participle passa. [n-stem, Castrén believes the stem is *pant-, probably caused by the latentive paradigm.]
First tense [aorist]
Subjective conjugation
| 1S | pannak | 2S | pannand | 3S | pannek etc. |
Objective conjugation
| 1S | pannap | 2S | pannal | 3S | panned etc. |
Second tense [preterite]
| 1S | passak |
| 1S | passap |
Third tense [future]
| 1S | pallage |
| 1S | pallebe |
Conjunctive
| 1S | pannik |
| 1S | pannip |
Imperative
Subjective conjugation
| 2S | panek |
| 3S | panni |
Objective conjugation
| 2S | pand |
| 3S | pannimd |
Infinitive pangu
Gerund
1. palle
2. pallebele
l-stems
If the stem ends in l, this letter will be assimilated by the following consonant only in the aorist and pluperfect indicative, in the conjunctive mood, and in the future participle, e.g. hêpk͔annàp to hide: hêpkassàp: conjunctive hepk͔annip: future participle hêpkassa. G145 In all other moods and tenses l returns, e.g. hê[p]k͔alle‹b›e: hêpk͔algu: gerund hepkalle: imperative in intransitives hêpkalêk. It should be noted that a following d, as in the nouns, is transformed in the lower dialect into dš, imperative transitive hêpk͔aldš: participle hepk͔aldšal. In the upper dialect the consonants tt appear in these forms as usual, e.g. panannap: imperative panattэ: participle panattj‹ê›. [False combination of the stems panal- and the doubtful *panət- that appears in the original manuscripts (here in participle also *panəj-).]
First tense [aorist]
Subjective conjugation
| 1S | hepkannak | 2S | hepkannand | 3S | hepkannek etc. |
Objective conjugation
| 1S | hepkannap | 2S | hepkannal | 3S | hepkanned etc. |
Second tense [preterite]
| 1S | hepkasʃak |
| 1S | hepkassap |
Third tense [future]
| 1S | hepkallage |
| 1S | hepkallebe |
Conjunctive
| 1S | hepkannik |
| 1S | hepkannip |
Imperative
Subjective conjugation
| 2S | hepkalek |
| 3S | hepkanni etc. |
Objective conjugation
| 2S | hepkaldš |
| 3S | hepkannimd etc. |
Infinitive hepkalgu
Gerund
1. hepkalle
2. hepkallebele
m-stems
G145 Verbs that have the marker p (m) let it before all weak consonants transform to m, with the exception of l, that does not stand before it m, but requires a b. Before hard consonants p remains unchanged or transform with a following h to f. In imperative of the intransitive form p also transforms to u [= w]. Their inflexion goes after the following pattern:
Aorist
Objective conjugation
| 1S | amnap (-m) [I ate] | 2S | amnal | 3S | amnêd |
| 1D | amnai | 2D | amnêli etc. | GSL652: | 3D amnedi |
| 1P | amnut | 2P | amnelet | GSL652: | 3P amnadet |
Subjective conjugation
| 1S | amnak | 2S | amnal [sic, GSL652: amnand] | 3S | ámnэk, amnэ, amnán |
| 1D | amnai | 2D | amneli etc. | GSL652: | 3D amnaǥ |
| 1P | amnut | 2P | amnelet | GSL652: | 3P amnadet |
Preterite
Pluperfect
| 1S | afap (apsau) |
| 1S | afak (apsang) |
Future
| 1S | ablebe |
| 1S | ablagè |
Conjunctive
| 1S | amnip (-neu) |
| 1S | amnik (*-neng) |
Imperative
| 2S | amd (amdэ) | 2D | ámnêli etc. |
| 3S | amnimd |
| 2S | auk (††aúk) (cf. ormnak I grew up: orúk) |
| 3S | amni |
Infinitive amgu
Gerund able
(GSL652: 2. ablebele)
Participle
Present amdal ([OO] amdje)
Future afà (apsa, [debitive participle] apsótje, -di)
Passive amba (ambà)
ŋ-stems
Verbs whose stem ends in k tend, across the whole inflection, to change k to the corresponding weak sounds ng or g, but they can before hard consonants take k, e.g. merngnam or mergnam [I sold]: pluperfect merngзam, mergзam, merksam: future mernglebe, merglebe: conjunctive merngnip or mergnip: imperative merngd (merengdэ, meregd, merktэ): gerund mernglè (merglè): present participle merngdal, merngdje, mergdje: future participle merngзa, mergзa, ††merksà. G147 It should be noted that these in the lower dialect change kh to hh in the pluperfect, e.g. merhhap for *merkhap, *merghap.
First tense [aorist]
| 1S | merngnang or mergnak | 2S | mergnand |
| 1S | merngnap or mergnap |
Second tense [preterite]
| 1S | merngзang, mergзang, merksak |
| 1S | merngзam, mergзam, merksap |
Third tense [future]
| 1S | mernglage or merglage |
| 1S | mernglebe or merglebe |
Conjunctive
| 1S | merngnek or mergnik |
| 1S | mergnik [sic] or mergnip |
Imperative
| 2S | merngek (mergek) |
| 2S | meregd, merngd (merengd, merengde, merkte) |
Infinitive mernggu, merggu (-g-)
Gerund
1. merngle, mergle
2. mernglebele, merglebele
r-stems
As in the verbs in r, the stem does not undergo any changes, their inflection is fully regular. The personal endings are added to the stem without a connecting vowel in all moods and tenses except for the aorist indicative [sic] and the 2S imperative of the intransitive form, e.g. parnap to twine, šérnak to enter: pluperfect parhap (parsau), šerhak (††šersang): future parlebe, šerlebe [sic, ɔ: šerlage]: conjunctive parnip, šernik: imperative part, [Č] siérêk: infinitive pargu, šergu etc.
Passive and reflexive verbs
G148 The Tomsk dialect of Samoyedic lacks specific conjugation forms for passive and reflexive verbs [i.e. corresponding to the reflexive conjugation in Nenets]. Neither is there in the northern dialect any specific passive, but the reflexive forms [the reflexive conjugation] appear in that dialect as well as in most Finnish languages [sic]. Obviously it has existed also in the Tomsk dialect, but its character has as usual [?] been transformed to nj, j, tj (dj), č, ǯ [here Castrén means different reflexive derivational suffixes], whereby the reflexives have merged with other verbs, e.g. [no examples given].
The reflexive verbs are now replaced by the intransitive verbal form, e.g. condap to cover: čondang (-k) to cover [sic, ɔ: to cover oneself], amdap to praise: amdak to praise oneself, to brag.
G149 Also however this form is expressed by paraphrasing with ‹active?› and the reflexive pronoun [sic!] sem, set etc.
In many verbs the reflexive signification lies already in the stem, e.g. [no examples given].
The intransitive form can be used to replace the passive, e.g. [no examples given]. Especially used with passive meaning is the third person singular of the form in -bak, -mbak, e.g. maada tumba or -ban the door is open, [deleted example: kyndö panalemba the horse is spoilt], suurm maǯemba the animal is wounded [cut].
From this form is constructed with the usual adjective suffix ‹l?› (*die, *dje, *tje) a participial adjective [the past participle] that with the aid of the verbal auxiliary makes a periphrastic conjugation, e.g. panalbal [destroyed], madзembal eang I am wounded [actually gerund: madзembal‿eang]. G150 NB. Č kubie, [OO] kuubatje [sic] [dead].
Auxiliary verb
G151 In the northern [sic, ɔ: southern = Selkup] dialect there is only one auxiliary verb: eak, eang, egang, iegang ‘I am’, which is used according to the previous paragraphs by the passive periphrastic conjugation [?]. The auxiliary verb for the negative inflected form, common to Finnish, the northern dialect and other related languages, has in the Tomsk dialect already taken the character of a particle, that usually sounds aha, asa, assa, ás, aз, but before imperative is changed to ik, iek, ig etc. Thereto there is a negative verb: cangu, canguan ‘there is not’, usually used impersonally, but dialectally also conjugated.
The conjugation of the usual affirmative auxiliary verb, with the stem é-, follows the common rules for verbs ending on an accentuated vowel.
Indicative
Present [aorist]
[Note: A third column labelled ‘middle dialect’ [K] is empty.]
Lower dialect [N]
| 1S | éak | 2S | eand | 3S | ek, ean |
| 1D | éai | 2D | égeli | 3D | eáǥ |
| 1P | éut | 2P | égэlt | 3P | eádэt or égэtt |
Upper dialect [Č]
| 1S | íegàng | 2S | íegànd | 3S | íeng or iegan? |
| 1D | íegài | 2D | íegalì | 3D | ieǥáǥî |
| 1P | iegaut | 2P | iegalttэ | 3P | iegattэ |
Pluperfect
Lower dialect [N]
| 1S | éhàk | 2S | éhànd | 3S | ?eh, èhan (GSL655: ehi, ehan) |
| 1D | éhai | 2D | éhэli | 3D | ehág |
| 1P | ehut | 2P | éhэlt (-lэt) | 3P | ehádat or éhэtt |
Upper dialect [Č]
| 1S | íeзàng | 2S | íeзànd | 3S | íes or ieзan (ieзà) |
| 1D | ieзài | 2D | íeзali | 3D | ieзáǥì |
| 1P | ieзaùt | 2P | ieзalttэ | 3P | ieзattэ (-tten) |
Future
Lower dialect [N]
| 1S | elagè | 2S | elendè | 3S | elà |
| 1D | elahì | 2D | elэlihe | 3D | elaǥe |
| 1P | eluhe | 2P | élэle | 3P | elade or elè? |
Upper dialect [Č]
| 1S | ielaksэ (-e) | 2S | ielendes (-dэs) | 3S | ieles (-эs) |
Conjunctive
Lower dialect [N]
| 1S | eník | 2S | enínd | 3S | ení |
| 1D | eníui | 2D | eníli | 3D | eniág |
| 1P | eniút | 2P | enilэt | 3P | eniádat or enítt |
Imperative
Lower dialect [N]
| 2S | ek | 2D | egeli | 3D | eád |
| 3S | ei | 3D | eiáǥ | 3P | eiamdэt |
Infinitive egu
Gerund
Present elè
Preterite elébele
Participle
Present edàl (endàl) [sic, -à-]
Future ehà
G154 As according to the general temperament of the Samoyedic language the verb is always placed last in a phrase, the auxiliary verb is also added after its predicate, and is preferably joined with it to one word, e.g. pärg or pärgэ high: pärgeak I am high. In this compound the auxiliary verb is inflected fully regularly, but the predicate will undergo some changes stipulated by the common rules. Thus a hard vowel at the end of the predicate before the initial vowel of the auxiliary verb will always be changed to a weak vowel, e.g. [no examples given].
The consonants k, p, t are changed to ng, m, n, e.g. [deleted examples: ycecek young, arak g.]. Often also a final k is omitted, e.g. sabek light: sabeak [I am light], kok master: kuuak etc. [The latter is nominal conjugation]. The adjective suffix l becomes j, e.g. podal [soft]: podajeak [I am calm] etc. [The latter does not contain the adjective suffix].
G155 The negative auxiliary verb is in the northern dialect [Nenets] nim, which in the southern [Selkup] according to the common rules becomes *tjem, from which stem still exists the participle (?) tjeundji [here Castrén means a form of the aorist participle from ćāŋku- in compound numerals]. The from this derived tjekkuan, čangu is the undetermined form of the verb and is inflected (in the northern dialect [ɔ: southern = Selkup]) according to its form, e.g. [N] čanguak меня нет / I am not: čanguand: canguan: pluperfect canguhak: future čangulage etc.
GSL656: The negative auxiliary verb, which in the northern languages is conjugated like other verbs, has in Ostyak-Samoyed only two forms: 1. aha, dialectally asa, assa, as, aз, 2) ik, dialectally iek, ig, ek, eg. After these forms the finite verb is conjugated through all persons, but they themselves do not take any personal suffixes, as far as I know, but are used only as particles. The latter form ik is used before the main verb in the imperative [actually also in optative], the former in all other moods. In Ostyak-Samoyed, as a negative verb čangu or čanguan ‘there is not’ is used, which in some dialects is used only impersonally, but in others it is conjugated through all moods and tenses.