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Case paradigms Ket

Contents

• Fixed vowel stems
• Schwa stems
• Hard stems
• Weak stems
• Consonant stems

Editor’s introduction

Text in black is Castrén’s (original or translated into English, sometimes both, separated by a slash), text in grey is the editor’s.

239

1. Dual is lacking in the Ket dialect.

2. Plural [collective] ends on -la.

3. Instructive [comitative] on -se is added to either nominative or genitive, therefore in the latter case instructive ends also in -nse or -sse [these are possessive forms]. Sometimes instructive ends on -n [instructive].

4. Ablative often replaces prosecutive.

5. Some words have a vocative on -a, e.g. attja [daddy], awa [mommy] (“from au” [mother, different word]), ĭa son, but: kum man, vocative kum!, kong chief, vocative kong.

242 The connecting vowel is faltering.

1. Liquids on l, n, r often omit the connecting vowel, those on r almost always. The others, if the previous stem vowel is short (paajĕl bride money: paajĕln)

2. Similarly those on s with previous short [sic] vowel. e.g. tjos tallow: -sn, -skan, tjapkŏs iron trap: -kosn, dative -snd [sic], -skan.

3. njai bread bröd: dative njaldje or njajond (MO -ldš); avoj chin: dative avoldje; syi navel: dative syldje. In the other cases the declension is regular.

4. kêl pit: dative kelds (MO keldš).

5. can sinew: dative cand; cesen boot strap: cesend; kesen snare etc.

Fixed vowel stems

			Collective
N	lok͔k͔a fox 231	N	lok͔k͔ala
G	lok͔k͔an (ol, -l li, -n toppa (“or loǥan”)	G	lok͔k͔alan
A	lok͔k͔am	A	lok͔k͔alam
Loc.	lok͔k͔ágan
P	lok͔k͔aun (or locative lok͔k͔agan)	P	lok͔k͔alaun
C	lok͔k͔ase (1S -nse)	C	lok͔k͔aláse or -sse
		Loc.	lok͔k͔alagan
All.	lok͔k͔ani	All.	lok͔k͔alani
El.	lok͔k͔annan	El.	lok͔k͔alanan

N	kătja шурин 231
G	-djan or -tjan
Loc.	-tjagan
All.	-tjani

El.	aadenan reindeer 231

			Collective
N	kottsa sack 231	N	kottsala
G	kottsan, kotsan	G	kottsalan
D	kottsand
A	kottsam (or nominative kottsa)	A	kottsalam
		D	kottsalanda
Abl.	kottságan	Abl.	kottsalagan
P	kottsaun	P	kottsalaun
C	kottsase	C	kottsalase (-sse)
(El. not	-annan)

N	nerssa ruffe 237
G	-rssan
Abl.	-rssagan

			Collective
N	kulé raven 232	N	kulela
G	kulen	G	kulelan
A	kulem (or nominative kule)	A	(nominative kulela)
All.	kuleni
P	kuleut
C	kulese	C	kulelasse
El.	kulennan
		All.	kulelani
		El.	kulelannan

			Collective
N	tyyltse gun 232	N	tyyltsela
G	-tsen	G	-lan
A	tyyltsem	A	-lam
D	tyyltsend	D	-landa
Abl.	tyyltseagan	Abl.	-lágan
C	tyltsese
Instr.	tyyltsen

			Collective
N	lok͔e wasp 232	N	lok͔ela
G	-k͔en
Abl.	lok͔eagan
		C	-lase

N	tĭsse arrow 237
G	-ssen
D	-ssend
Abl.	-seagan

			Collective
N	k͔aunpi холст 233	N	k͔aunpila
G	k͔aupin
A	k͔aunpim
Abl.	k͔aunpiagan
All.	k͔aupin
C	k͔aunpise
Instr.	(k͔aunpina?)

			Collective
N	tūldjo chest 233	N	tuldjola
G	tuuldjon
A	tuuldjom
D	tuuldjond
Abl.	tuuldjogan
C	tuldjose

			Collective
N	ewegu stepmother 234	N	ewegula
G	ewegun
All.	eweguni
El.	ewegunnan
C	ewegusse (1S -pse)

			Collective
N	na it 73	N	nala
G	năn
A	nam
C	nasse
All.	nani

			Collective
N	to that 74	N	tŏla
G	ton
C	tosse
All.	toni

			Collective
N	po tree 233	N	poola
G	pon
A	pom
D	poond
Abl.	pogan
C	posse

			Collective
N	ko ear 233	N	koola
G	kon
D	koond
Abl.	koogan
C	koosse (1S -nse)

N	ko (g-) island 233
D	kond (g-)

			Collective
N	to lake 233	N	toola
G	ton
D	tonda
Abl.	toogan
P	tooun
C	tosse

			Collective
N	uu willow grouse 234	N	uula
G	uun
A	uum
All.	uuni
El.	uunnan
C	uusse

			Collective
N	pêê bark 232	N	pêêla
G	pêên
D	pêênd
Abl.	pêagan

			Collective
N	kî river 233	N	kîla
G	kîn
D	kînde
Abl.	keagan
P	kîun

			Collective
N	lî bone 233	N	lîîla
G	lîn
A	lîm
Abl.	lêagan

			Collective
N	tje, tji kettle 233	N	tjela
G	tjin
D	tjinda
Abl.	tjagan

			Collective
N	see tongue 232	N	seela
G	seen
Abl.	séagan

			Collective
N	ii son 233	N	iila
G	iin
C	iisse

N	pi night 233
G	pin
D	pind
Abl.	pi [sic]

			Collective
N	pyy stone 234	N	pyyla
G	pyyn
A	pyym
D	pyynd
Abl.	pyyogan
P	pýun
C	pysse

N	kýy belt 234
Abl.	kyyogan

N	njyy burbot 234
Abl.	njyogan
El.	njynnan

N	tyy fire 234
D	tȳnd
Abl.	tyyogan

			Collective
N	köe birch 232	N	köela
Abl.	köeágan [sic, accent on a, not e]

[original u-stems. The labial vowel is preserved, but it is mostly declined as schwa]

			Collective
N	lappu oar (NB. –o) 236	N	lappulá
G	lábon
A	labom
D	lappond
Abl.	lappógan
P	lappoun
C	(lappose?)
Instr.	labon

			Collective
N	anddu boat 236	N	anddula
G	andon

			Collective
N	kättu gut 236	N	kättola
G	kädon

N	pellu thigh 237
G	peln
D	pelnd
Abl.	pelógan

N	sakkú fire steel 237
G	-kkun
D	-kkund
Abl.	-kkogan

N	tjaptu dew 237
G	-ptun
D	-tund
Abl.	-tógan

[partly preserved i-stem:]

			Collective
N	k͔ai what 76	N	k͔aila
G	k͔ain
Loc.-Abl.	k͔aigan 76, kaigan 83, 156
P	k͔ajoun 76
C	k͔aise

Schwa stems

Hard stems [back vowelic]

			Collective
N	aamdda horn 236	N	aandêla [sic] (MO aamdala)
G	aamdan

			Collective
N	ka͑tta nail 236	N	kattela
G	kadên

N	mak͔k͔e stick 236
G	magên

			Collective
N	marg bush 236	N	margela
G	margên
D	marg. [sic]

N	mattje forest 237
G	madjen
D	mattjond

			Collective
N	sai eye 233	N	saila (or sajola [added: not])
G	sain
A	sajom
D	sajond (or 3S sajogond)
Abl.	sajógan
P	sajoun
C	sajese
Instr.	sain

			Collective
N	kuele fish 235	N	kuella
G	kueln
D	kuelond

			Collective
N	kuerg bear 235	N	kuergala, [MO?] -rgala
G	-rgen, [MO?] -rgan
All.	kuergani
El.	kuergannan

			Collective
N	kues iron 237	N	kuesela
G	kusen [sic] or -sn
D	kuessond
Abl.	kuessogan
P	kuessoun
C	kuesese

			Collective
N	koattsa town 237	N	koattsala
G	koacen
D	koatcond

N	wattje meat 237
G	-djen

			Collective
N	toppa foot 235, G73	N	toppala 235, toppêlá G73
G	tóoban, tooba͑n 235, tóbên G73
A	(1S tóppom changed to:) tobem 235, tóbêm G73
D	toppónd 235, G73
Abl.	toppógan
P	toppoun 235, toppóun G73
C	toppesé (1S toppónse) 235, toppêsé G73
Instr.	tooben 235

N	koppa skin 235
G	kooben, kooban
A	kóobêm
D	koppónd
Abl.	-ppógan

N	noppa glove 235
G	nooban
D	noppónd

			Collective
N	ol head 235	N	olla
G	oln
D	olónd
C	(1S olonse)

N	songǥa шуга 236, (sonk͔ =) sonǥ [without translation] 244
G	-ngǥon 236
D	songond 244
Abl.	songógan 244

			Collective
N	porg coat 235	N	porgela, [MO?] -gala
G	-rgon
D	-rgond
Abl.	porgógan

			Collective
N	looз болван 235	N	loosela
G	loosen

			Collective
N	kottje servant 237, GSL170	N	kottjela 237, GSL170
G	kodjen
A	kodjem GSL170
P	kottjeun* GSL170
C	kottjese 237, * GSL170

* (GSL170 About these forms my notes are not fully consistent, but the consonant is either single or double)

All.	kodjeni (or 1S kottjeni) 237, kodjeni GSL170
El.	kodjennan 237, kodjenam [sic] GSL170

N	kottje wrist 237
G	kodjen [sic]
D	-ttjond
Abl.	-ogan

N	mottje heel 237
G	modjen [sic]
D	mottjond

N	mok͔k͔a͑ back 237
G	mōgon
D	-k͔k͔ógan

(NB. 1. -o-, 2. k͔ to g)

			Collective
N	pood icehole 237	N	poodala
G	pooden
D	poottond
Abl.	poottógan

			Dual		Collective
N	ú̆tta hand 235, utt‹e› GSL170	N	udoǥ [sic!, false] GSL170	N	uttala or (uttela) 235, udala [sic] GSL170
G	udan (uden) (1S utton) 235, uden GSL170			G	uttalan 235
A	udam 235, udem GSL170			A	uttalam
D	uttṓnd 235, uttond GSL170			D	uttalánd
Abl.	uttógan 235, uttōgan GSL170			Abl.	uttalágan
P	uttoun 235, GSL170			P	uttaláun
C	uttese (1S uttónse) 235, uttese * GSL170			C	uttalase (1S -nse)

* (GSL170 About these forms my notes are not fully consistent, but the consonant is either single or double)

Instr.

udan 235, (udan) GSL170

			Dual		Collective
		N	kutteaǥe	N	kuttela
K	kuttaê who 75
G	kuden
A	kudem
P	kuttóun
C	kuttese
All.	kudeni

			Collective
N	umdda beard 235	N	umdela
G	úmden
A	umdêm
D	umdond

			Collective
N	muun finger 235	N	mūn(a)la, muuna͑la
G	munên (-an, -on), muunan
D	munond
Abl.	munógan

			Collective
N	njulga͑ fir 235	N	njulgela, [MO?] -gêla
G	njulgen, [MO?] -gen
D	njulgond

N	kunddje зипун 237
G	kundjen
D	kunddjond
Abl.	-ogan

N	puttje nose 237
G	pudjen
D	puttjond

N	nukka͑ nape 237
G	nugon
D	nukkond

			Collective
N	sengga͑ capercaillie 243	N	senggêla
G	-ngen

			Collective
N	ênddä bow 236	N	enddela
G	endên

			Collective
N	lembba eagle 236	N	lembbala
G	lemben

			Collective
N	îîl bottom 235	N	‹ɨ›lela
G	îîln
D	îlond
Abl.	ĭlógan

			Collective
N	kîîl breast 235	N	kîîlla
G	kîîln
D	kîlond
Abl.	kîlógan

N	tjingga͑ swan 236
G	tjingen
All.	-ngeni

			Collective
N	eed village 237, êêta 238	N	eedêla 237, ‹ē›dala 238
G	eeden 237, êêdên 238
D	eettond 237, êttond 238
Abl.	ettógan 237, êttogan 238
C	eede͑se

Weak stems [front vowelic]

N	pittje axe 237
G	pidjen
Abl.	pittjeagan

			Collective
N	tippa man 237, 238	N	tippala 238
G	tiban 237, tiban 238
All.	tibani 237, tibeni 238
El.	tibannan 237, tibennan 238

			Collective
N	tiib peg 238	N	tiibala
G	tiiban
D	tiippend
Abl.	-ppeagan

			Collective
N	tiua tooth 234	N	tiula
G	tiun
D	tiwend
Abl.	tiweagan

			Collective
N	(síwa) or siu ashes 234	N	siula
G	siun
A	siium
D	siiwend
Abl.	siweagan

(234 NB. those on -iu, -eu, -yu etc. take in nominative after themselves a half a, that drops off in declension.)

			Collective
N	kynddä horse 238, kyndde GSL170	N	kynddela 238, GSL170
G	kyndon 238, kynden (kynd‹ö›n) GSL170
A	kyndem 238, kyndem (kyndom) GSL170
P	kynddeun * GSL170
All.	kyndeni 238, 231, GSL170
El.	kyndenan 238, kyndenan 231, GSL170
C	kyndese 238, kynddese * GSL170

*(GSL170 About these forms my notes are not fully consistent, but the consonant is either single or double.)

N	yyna strap 236
G	yynen
Abl.	yyneagan (or (ýna)-ogan)

			Dual		Collective
N	ykka hat 236, ykke GSL170	N	ykkeaǥ [sic!, false] GSL170	N	ykkela GSL170
G	yygen or -on 236, ygen (ygön) GSL170
A	ygem (ygöm) GSL170
D	ykkend 236
Abl.	ykkeagan 236, GSL170
P	ykkeun * GSL170
C	ykkese * GSL170

*(GSL170 About these forms my notes are not fully consistent, but the consonant is either single or double.)

All.

ykkeni [sic] GSL170

(236 a (o) after hard, ä (e) after weak vowels.)

			Collective
N	týu(a) larch 234	N	tyyula
G	tyyun
A	tyyum
D	tyywend
Abl.	tyyweagan
P	tyyweun
C	tyuse

N	kýu marrow 234
D	kyywend etc.

N	pöu boil 234
D	pöövend
Abl.	pööweagan

Consonant stems

[p-stems]

			Dual		Collective
N	*tep he (in the paradigm on page 71 instead tau ‘this’)	N	tepk͔ĕ 71	N	teppala 71, GSL269
G	(taun ‘of this’)	G	tepk͔an	G	teppalan
A	tebam 71	A	(nominative tepk͔e)	A	(nominative teppala)
				P	teppalaun
C	tepse	C	tepk͔ase	C	teppalase
All.	tebani	All.	tepk͔ani	All.	teppalani
In.	tebannan	In.	tepk͔annan	In.	teppalannan

[m-stems]

245 These change m to u in genitive, dative [= allative] etc.: orm, genitive orn etc.

N	kam fabric 245
G	kaun

N	nom God 245
G	nuun
All.	nuuni
In.-El.	nuunnan

			Collective
N	kŭm (above m is written b) person 245	N	kuula
G	kuun
A	(nominative kum)
P	kummen, kuu’un
C	kupse
All.	kuuni
In.-El.	kuunnan

			Collective
N	kăm (-a͑-, -e-) blood 245	N	kiula
G	keun
D	kamd
A	(nominative ka͑m)
Abl.	ka͑mgan
P	kaεmmen, kau’un?
C	kapse

			Collective
N	lem board 245	N	leula
G	leun
D	leemd
Abl.	lemǥan
P	leemmen
C	lepse

			Collective
N	nim name 245	N	niula
G	niun
D	nimd
Abl.	nimgan

N	orm strength 245
G	orn

N	sŭurm animal 245
G	suurn

			Collective
N	term roe 245	N	terula
G	tern
D	termd
Abl.	termgen
P	termen (termmen)
C	terpse

[t-stems]

			Collective
N	maat house 246	N	maadela (maadla)
G	maaden
D	maatta͑
Abl.	maatk͔an
P	maanmen
C	maasse

N	y̆t (yyt) water 246
D	ytta͑
Abl.	ytkan
P	ynmen
C	ysse

			Collective
N	tööt otter 246	N	töödala
G	tööden
D	töötta͑
Abl.	töötk͔an
P	töönmen
C	töösse

[n-stems]

N	čên sinew 236, can 242, G85
G	čanên (čiinn (-ne͑n)) 236
D	čand 236, cand 242, cand or candэ G85
Abl.	[false] čanógan 236

			Collective
N	kê̆sén snare 238	N	kessenla 238, kessenlà G85
G	kessen(n) 238, kessèn G85
D	kesend 238, kesend(э) G85
A	(nominative kesen 238)
Abl.	kesengan
C	(kesse)

			Collective
N	čḗsen boot strap 238, 242, cesen G85	N	cessenla
N	čessénn 238
D	cesend 238, 242, cesend(‹â›) G85
A	(nominative česen 238)
Abl.	cesengan

[k͔-, k-stems]

			Collective
N	sok͔ cape 244, G81	N	sok͔k͔ala or súugola 244
G	sōǥon 244, sogoэn G81
D	sok͔t 244, G81
A	sooǥom 244
Abl.	sok͔k͔on 244, sok͔k͔oan G81
P	soǥmen ([false] sok͔k͔óun) 244, sok͔men G81
C	sok͔se 244, G81

			Collective
N	sak͔ salt 244, G81	N	[false] saǥala 244
G	saǥan 244, sagaэn G81
D	sākt 244, sak͔t G81
A	(nominative sak͔ or) saagam 244
Abl.	sāk͔k͔an 244, sakkan G81
P	saak͔men ([false] saak͔k͔óun) 244, sak͔men G81
C	sak͔se 244, G81

N	pussak͔ bowl 244
G	pussaǥan

N	aabek͔ lid 244
G	aabegen

[ŋ-stems]

243 1. These all omit ng in genitive, instructive [sic, meaning prosecutive?] on -un, in plural [collective] and in the accusative on -m.

2. Animates omit ng also in dative [allative] and often in ablative [elative].

(3. Words with double -gg- [schwa stems], e.g. sengga͑ capercaillie (genitive -ngen, collective senggêla), songǥa͑ шуга, peangǥa elk, are declined regularily)

			Collective
N	aang mouth 243	N	aanga͑la (aangala) = aala
G	aan
D	(local 3S āngand replaced with:) aangd
Abl.	aanggan
C	akse (or 1S aangnase)
P	(ooan deleted)

			Collective
N	oong collar 243	N	oola
G	oon
D	(local 3S oongond replaced with:) oongd
Abl.	oongon
C	ookʃe
P	ooun or oongmen

N	kyng палник 243
G	kýun
All.	kýuni
In.-El.	kýunnan

			Collective
N	kănăng dog 243, kanàng G79	N	kanala 243, G79
G	kanan 243, kanàn G79
A	(nominative kanang or) kanam 243, G79
D	kanángd G79
Abl.	kanangǥan 243, G79
P	kanangmen, kanaun 243, kanangmen G79
C	kanakse 243, kanaksè G79
All.	kanani 243, kananì G79
In.-El.	kanannan 243, kanannàn G79

N	solang spoon 243
G	solan
D	solangd
Abl.	solanggan
C	solakse
P	solaun or solangmen

N	noodeng sterlet 243
G	-den

			Collective
N	teteng siberian pine 243	N	tettela
G	tetten
D	tedengd
Abl.	tetenggan

			Collective
N	pileng half 243	N	pilela
G	pilen
A	(nominative pileng or) -lem
D	pilengd
Abl.	pilengǥan
C	pilekse
P	pileun or pilengmen

			Collective
N	tyynang sleeve 243	N	tyynala
G	tyynan
D	tyynangd
Abl.	tyynanggan
P	tyynaum or tyynangmen

[j-stems]

			Collective
N	njai bread 233	N	najila
G	njain ug
A	(nominative njai) (-jom)
D	[false] njajond = njaaldje 233, njaaldje 229, njaldje 238, G84, GSL179, njaldje or njajond 242
Abl.	[false] njajogan 233, njaigan 238, GSL179
C	njajese 233

N	syi navel 238
G	syin
D	syldje 238, 242, G84, GSL179
Abl.	syigan 238, GSL179

N	avoi chin 238, avoj 242, awoi G84, GSL180
G	avoin 238, awoin G84, GSL180
D	aoldje 238, G84, avoldje 242, awoldje GSL180
Abl.	aoigan 238, G84, awoigan GSL180

N	kuei soul 238, G84
D	kueldje

[ś-stems]

			Collective
N	tjos tallow 242, tjooз 235, †tjōs GSL176	N	tjooзela 235
G	-sn 242, tjoosên 235, †tjōsen GSL176
Abl.	-skan 242

N	tjapkŏs iron trap 242
G	-kosn
D	-snd [sic]
Abl.	-skan

[r-stems]

N	tăr hair 238
G	tarn
D	tarta͑
Abl.	targan

N	paar top 238 [1. postposition pār, 2. noun pāri]
G	paarn
D	[pār:] paart or [pāri:] paarnd
Abl.	[pār:] paargan

			Collective
N	čṓber berry 238, cóber G85	N	čopperla 238, copperlà G85
G	čoppérn 238, coppèrn G85
D	čobert 238
A	(nominative čober)
Abl.	čobergan
P	čoberun
C	čoberse

			Collective
N	siir cow 238	N	siirla
G	siirn
A	siirm
All.	siirni
El.	sirnnan

			Collective
N	tjäber зять 238	N	tjäpperla
G	tjäppern
D	-bert
Abl.	-bergan

N	nagér writing 238
G	nákkern

[l-stems]

			Collective
N	kêl pit 236 (deleted 235)	N	kîîlla 236 (kîîlla deleted 235)
G	kîîln 236 (keln deleted 235)
A	kîîlm 236
D	kêldsa (= [false] kîîlond) 236, kelds 242, (keldse deleted 235)
Abl.	[false] kêlagan (-ll-) 236
P	[false] kêlóun
C	kêlse

NB. 1. an accented ê becomes î, 2. the accent in dative drops: kelond > kelnd > keldš.